Введение

ksma

Кубанский научный медицинский вестник

Kuban Scientific Medical Bulletin

1608-62282541-9544

Kuban State Medical University

10.25207/1608-6228-2021-28-6-90-116

ksma-2625

Research Article

ОБЗОРЫ

REVIEW

Постковидный синдром: распространенность и патогенез органных поражений, направления коррекции. Систематический обзор

Post-COVID syndrome: prevalence, organ pathogenesis and routes of correction. A systematic review

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1510-9204

Канорский

С. Г.

Kanorskii

S. G.

Канорский Сергей Григорьевич — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой терапии № 2 ФПК и ППС

ул. им. Митрофана Седина, д. 4 г. Краснодар, 350063

Sergey G. Kanorskii — Dr. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Head of Chair of Therapy No. 2, Faculty of Advanced Vocational Training and Retraining

Pushkina str., 4, korp. Б, apt. 30, Krasnodar, 350063

kanorskysg@mail.ru

Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Кубанский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияKuban State Medical UniversityRussian Federation

2021

06122021

28690116

2021

Канорский С.Г.

Kanorskii S.G.

Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://ksma.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/2625

Введение

Введение. Продолжающаяся пандемия COVID-19 сопровождается быстрым ростом количества людей, перенесших инфекцию SARS-CoV-2 и имеющих ряд сохраняющихся полиорганных поражений с широким спектром стойких симптомов и/или отсроченных осложнений. Важно оценить требующийся объем мероприятий системы здравоохранения по их диагностике и лечению, реабилитации пациентов.

Цель — собрать и систематизировать накопленную за последнее время информацию об эпидемиологии, патофизиологии органоспецифических последствиях COVID-19 и направлениях их коррекции.

Методы

Методы. Проведен поиск литературных источников в базах данных eLibrary и MEDLINE/PubMed по ключевым словам «постковидный синдром» и «COVID-19», «SARS-CoV-2», «post-covid syndrome», «organ lesions», «pathogenesis», «treatment» с выбором типов статей «Clinical Trial», «Meta-Analysis», «Review», «Systematic Review», опубликованных за период с 1 января 2020 по 10 июля 2021 года на английском и русском языках. Для включения в обзор рассматривались исследования любого дизайна, отражающие современные представления об эпидемиологии, патогенезе, поздних проявлениях и осложнениях перенесенного COVID-19 со стороны органов и систем, направлениях их коррекции. Предпочтение при выборе публикаций отдавали полнотекстовым статьям в рецензируемых журналах, имеющих высокий импакт-фактор.

Результаты

Результаты. После скрининга 1163 источников литературы отобраны и проанализированы 480 наиболее значимых статей, доступных в полнотекстовом формате, в обзор вошла 131 из них. За 2020–2021 гг. опубликован ряд исследований стойких проявлений COVID-19. Среди них, как правило, упоминаются легочные, сердечно-сосудистые, почечные осложнения, гематологические расстройства, нейропсихиатрические, эндокринные последствия. Менее изучены желудочно-кишечные, гепатобилиарные и дерматологические осложнения инфекции SARS-CoV-2. Формируются представления о патогенезе поражений органов и систем организма, сохраняющихся в течение недель и месяцев после острой фазы COVID-19. Понимание этих патофизиологических процессов позволит врачам проводить целенаправленные мероприятия по комплексному лечению постковидного синдрома. В настоящее время проводятся клинические исследования, которые обеспечат доказательную базу профилактики и терапии осложнений COVID-19 после выписки из стационара.

Заключение

Заключение. Ведение пациентов с COVID-19 не завершается при выписке из стационара, и многим из них требуется комплексная междисциплинарная медицинская помощь в амбулаторных условиях. Активный процесс накопления базы данных и профессиональной информации о постковидном синдроме закладывает основы успешного лечения и реабилитации пациентов, перенесших COVID-19.

Background

Background. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is building up a population of previous SARS-CoV-2 patients with non-transient multiorgan failures having diverse stable symptoms and/or delayed complications. Proper measures should be defined in public healthcare to tackle patients’ diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation.

Objectives

Objectives. A systematic review of recent evidence in epidemiology and pathophysiology of organ-specific COVID-19 aftereffects and their routes of correction.

Methods

Methods. Sources were mined in eLibrary and Medline/PubMed using the keywords “post-covid syndrome” [постковидный синдром], COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, “organ lesions”, pathogenesis, treatment; the article type were “Clinical Trial”, “Meta-Analysis”, Review and “Systematic Review” published in English or Russian during 01 January 2020–10 July 2021. All study designs considered reflected the current understanding of epidemiology, pathogenesis, late manifestations and complications of old systemic and organ COVID-19, as well as their correction measures. Full-text peer-reviewed high-impact journal articles had preference.

Results

Results. A screening of 1,163 sources selected 480 most relevant full-text articles for analysis, with 131 included in the final review. A number of 2020–2021 studies reported persistent COVID-19 representations, including pulmonary, cardiovascular, renal complications, haematological disorders, neuropsychiatric and endocrine aftereffects. Gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary and dermatological complications of SARS-CoV-2 are less elaborated. Insights are emerging into the pathogenesis of weeks-to-months persisting post-acute COVID-19 organ and systemic lesions. Understanding their pathophysiology will enable targeting measures towards a comprehensive treatment of post-COVID syndrome. Clinical trials are currently underway that will evidence-ground the prevention and therapy of COVID-19 complications in discharged patients.

Conclusion

Conclusion. COVID-19 patients should be managed beyond hospital discharge, as many of them require comprehensive inter-specialty medical care in outpatient follow-up. A rapid enrichment of databases and professional evidence for post-COVID syndrome lays the grounds for successful treatment and rehabilitation of patients who had coped with this disease.

COVID-19SARS-CoV-2постковидный синдроморганные пораженияпатогенезлечение

COVID-19SARS-CoV-2post-covid syndromeorgan lesionspathogenesistreatment.

References1

Dong E., Du H., Gardner L. An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2020; 20(5): 533–534. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30120-1

Gupta A., Madhavan M.V., Sehgal K., Nair N., Mahajan S., Sehrawat T.S., Bikdeli B., Ahluwalia N., Ausiello J.C., Wan E.Y., Freedberg D.E., Kirtane A.J., Parikh S.A., Maurer M.S., Nordvig A.S., Accili D., Bathon J.M., Mohan S., Bauer K.A., Leon M.B., Krumholz H.M., Uriel N., Mehra M.R., Elkind M.S.V., Stone G.W., Schwartz A., Ho D.D., Bilezikian J.P., Landry D.W. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nat. Med. 2020; 26(7): 1017–1032. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0968-3

Carfi A., Bernabei R., Landi F.; Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group. Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2020; 324(6): 603–605. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.12603

Tenforde M.W., Kim S.S., Lindsell C.J., Billig Rose E., Shapiro N.I., Files D.C., Gibbs K.W., Erickson H.L., Steingrub J.S., Smithline H.A., Gong M.N., Aboodi M.S., Exline M.C., Henning D.J., Wilson J.G., Khan A., Qadir N., Brown S.M., Peltan I.D., Rice T.W., Hager D.N., Ginde A.A., Stubblefield W.B., Patel M.M., Self W.H., Feldstein L.R.; IVY Network Investigators; CDC COVID-19 Response Team; IVY Network Investigators. Symptom duration and risk factors for delayed return to usual health among outpatients with COVID-19 in a multistate health care systems network — United States, March–June 2020. Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2020; 69(30): 993–998. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6930e1

Huang C., Huang L., Wang Y., Li X., Ren L., Gu X., Kang L., Guo L., Liu M., Zhou X., Luo J., Huang Z., Tu S., Zhao Y., Chen L., Xu D., Li Y., Li C., Peng L., Li Y., Xie W., Cui D., Shang L., Fan G., Xu J., Wang G., Wang Y., Zhong J., Wang C., Wang J., Zhang D., Cao B. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet. 2021; 397(10270): 220–232. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32656-8

McElvaney O.J., McEvoy N.L., McElvaney O.F., Carroll T.P., Murphy M.P., Dunlea D.M., Ní Choileáin O., Clarke J., O’Connor E., Hogan G., Ryan D., Sulaiman I., Gunaratnam C., Branagan P., O’Brien M.E., Morgan R.K., Costello R.W., Hurley K., Walsh S., de Barra E., McNally C., McConkey S., Boland F., Galvin S., Kiernan F., O’Rourke J., Dwyer R., Power M., Geoghegan P., Larkin C., O’Leary R.A., Freeman J., Gaffney A., Marsh B., Curley G.F., McElvaney N.G. et al. Characterization of the inflammatory response to severe COVID-19 Illness. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2020; 202(6): 812–821. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202005-1583OC

Tang N., Li D., Wang X., Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2020; 18(4): 844–847. DOI: 10.1111/jth.14768

Ahmed H., Patel K., Greenwood D.C., Halpin S., Lewthwaite P., Salawu A., Eyre L., Breen A., O’Connor R., Jones A., Sivan M. Long-term clinical outcomes in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreaks after hospitalisation or ICU admission: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Rehabil. Med. 2020; 52(5): jrm00063. DOI: 10.2340/16501977-2694

Moldofsky H., Patcai J. Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, depression and disordered sleep in chronic post-SARS syndrome; a case-controlled study. BMC Neurol. 2011; 11: 37. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-11-37

Van Kampen J.J.A., van de Vijver D.A.M.C., Fraaij P.L.A., Haagmans B.L., Lamers M.M., Okba N., van den Akker J.P.C., Endeman H., Gommers D.A.M.P.J., Cornelissen J.J., Hoek R.A.S., van der Eerden M.M., Hesselink D.A., Metselaar H.J., Verbon A., de Steenwinkel J.E.M., Aron G.I., van Gorp E.C.M., van Boheemen S., Voermans J.C., Boucher C.A.B., Molenkamp R., Koopmans M.P.G., Geurtsvankessel C., van der Eijk A.A. Duration and key determinants of infectious virus shedding in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Nat. Commun. 2021; 12(1): 267. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20568-4

Greenhalgh T., Knight M., A’Court C., Buxton M., Husain L. Management of post-acute COVID-19 in primary care. Brit. Med. J. 2020; 370: m3026. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m3026

Chopra V., Flanders S.A., O’Malley M., Malani A.N., Prescott H.C. Sixty-day outcomes among patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Ann. Intern Med. 2021; 74(4): 576–578. DOI: 10.7326/M20-5661

Carvalho-Schneider C., Laurent E., Lemaignen A., Beaufils E., Bourbao-Tournois C., Laribi S., Flament T., Ferreira-Maldent N., Bruyère F., Stefic K., Gaudy-Graffin C., Grammatico-Guillon L., Bernard L. Follow-up of adults with noncritical COVID-19 two months after symptom onset. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2021; 27(2): 258–263. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.052

Arnold D.T., Hamilton F.W., Milne A., Morley A.J., Viner J., Attwood M., Noel A., Gunning S., Hatrick J., Hamilton S., Elvers K.T., Hyams C., Bibby A., Moran E., Adamali H.I., Dodd J.W., Maskell N.A., Barratt S.L. Patient outcomes after hospitalisation with COVID-19 and implications for follow-up: results from a prospective UK cohort. Thorax. 2021; 76(4): 399–401. DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216086

Moreno-Pérez O., Merino E., Leon-Ramirez J.M., Andres M., Ramos J.M., Arenas-Jiménez J., Asensio S., Sanchez R., Ruiz-Torregrosa P., Galan I., Scholz A., Amo A., González-delaAleja P., Boix V., Gil J.; COVID19-ALC research group. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Incidence and risk factors: a Mediterranean cohort study. J. Infect. 2021; 82(3): 378–383. DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.01.004

Halpin S.J., McIvor C., Whyatt G., Adams A., Harvey O., McLean L., Walshaw C., Kemp S., Corrado J., Singh R., Collins T., O’Connor R.J., Sivan M. Postdischarge symptoms and rehabilitation needs in survivors of COVID-19 infection: a cross-sectional evaluation. J. Med. Virol. 2021; 93(2): 1013–1022. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26368

Jacobs L.G., Gourna Paleoudis E., Lesky-Di Bari D., Nyirenda T., Friedman T., Gupta A., Rasouli L., Zetkulic M., Balani B., Ogedegbe C., Bawa H., Berrol L., Qureshi N., Aschner J.L. Persistence of symptoms and quality of life at 35 days after hospitalization for COVID-19 infection. PLoS ONE. 2020; 15(12): e0243882. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243882

Garrigues E., Janvier P., Kherabi Y., Le Bot A., Hamon A., Gouze H., Doucet L., Berkani S., Oliosi E., Mallart E., Corre F., Zarrouk V., Moyer J.D., Galy A., Honsel V., Fantin B., Nguyen Y. Post-discharge persistent symptoms and health-related quality of life after hospitalization for COVID-19. J. Infect. 2020; 81: e4–e6. DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.029

Nehme M., Braillard O., Chappuis F., Courvoisier D.S., Guessous I.; CoviCare Study Team. Prevalence of Symptoms More Than Seven Months After Diagnosis of Symptomatic COVID-19 in an Outpatient Setting. Ann. Intern. Med. 2021; 174(9): 1252–1260. DOI: 10.7326/M21-0878

Williamson E.J., Walker A.J., Bhaskaran K., Bacon S., Bates C., Morton C.E., Curtis H.J., Mehrkar A., Evans D., Inglesby P., Cockburn J., McDonald H.I., MacKenna B., Tomlinson L., Douglas I.J., Rentsch C.T., Mathur R., Wong A.Y.S., Grieve R., Harrison D., Forbes H., Schultze A., Croker R., Parry J., Hester F., Harper S., Perera R., Evans S.J.W., Smeeth L., Goldacre B. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature. 2020; 584(7821): 430–436. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2521-4

Lu R., Zhao X., Li J., Niu P., Yang B., Wu H., Wang W., Song H., Huang B., Zhu N., Bi Y., Ma X., Zhan F., Wang L., Hu T., Zhou H., Hu Z., Zhou W., Zhao L., Chen J., Meng Y., Wang J., Lin Y., Yuan J., Xie Z., Ma J., Liu W.J., Wang D., Xu W., Holmes E.C., Gao G.F., Wu G., Chen W., Shi W., Tan W. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020; 395(10224): 565–574. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8

Hu B., Guo H., Zhou P., Shi Z.-L. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2021; 19(3): 141–154. DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7

Shang J., Ye G., Shi K., Wan Y., Luo C., Aihara H., Geng Q., Auerbach A., Li F. Structural basis of receptor recognition by SARS-CoV-2. Nature 2020; 581(7807): 221–224. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2179-y

Wrobel A.G., Benton D.J., Xu P., Roustan C., Martin S.R., Rosenthal P.B., Skehel J.J., Gamblin S.J. SARS-CoV-2 and bat RaTG13 spike glycoprotein structures inform on virus evolution and furin-cleavage effects. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 2020; 27(8): 763–767. DOI: 10.1038/s41594-020-0468-7

Inoue S., Hatakeyama J., Kondo Y., Hifumi T., Sakuramoto H., Kawasaki T., Taito S., Nakamura K., Unoki T., Kawai Y., Kenmotsu Y., Saito M., Yamakawa K., Nishida O. et al. Post-intensive care syndrome: its pathophysiology, prevention, and future directions. Acute Med. Surg. 2019; 6(3): 233–246. DOI: 10.1002/ams2.415

Hosey M.M., Needham D.M. Survivorship after COVID-19 ICU stay. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 2020; 6(1): 60. DOI: 10.1038/s41572-020-0201-1

Zahariadis G., Gooley T.A., Ryall P., Hutchinson C., Latchford M.I., Fearon M.A., Jamieson F.B., Richardson S., Kuschak T., Mederski B. et al. Risk of ruling out severe acute respiratory syndrome by coinfection based on diagnostic assays. Can. Respir. J. 2006; 13(1): 17–22. DOI: 10.1155/2006/862797

Huang C., Wang Y., Li X., Ren L., Zhao J., Hu Y., Zhang L., Fan G., Xu J., Gu X., Cheng Z., Yu T., Xia J., Wei Y., Wu W., Xie X., Yin W., Li H., Liu M., Xiao Y., Gao H., Guo L., Xie J., Wang G., Jiang R., Gao Z., Jin Q., Wang J., Cao B. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020; 395(10223): 497–506. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5

Huang Y., Tan C., Wu J., Chen M., Wang Z., Luo L., Zhou X., Liu X., Huang X., Yuan S., Chen C., Gao F., Huang J., Shan H., Liu J. Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on pulmonary function in early convalescence phase. Respir. Res. 2020; 21(1): 163. DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01429-6

Méndez R., Latorre A., González-Jiménez P., Feced L., Bouzas L., Yépez K., Ferrando A., Zaldívar-Olmeda E., Reyes S., Menéndez R. Reduced diffusion capacity in COVID-19 survivors. Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2021; 18(7): 1253–1255. DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202011-1452RL

Liu W., Peng L., Liu H., Hua S. Pulmonary function and clinical manifestations of patients infected with mild influenza A virus subtype H1N1: a one-year follow-up. PLoS ONE. 2015; 10(7): e0133698. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133698

Herridge M.S., Tansey C.M., Matté A., Tomlinson G., Diaz-Granados N., Cooper A., Guest C.B., Mazer C.D., Mehta S., Stewart T.E., Kudlow P., Cook D., Slutsky A.S., Cheung A.M.; Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. Functional disability 5 years after acute respiratory distress syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011; 364(14): 1293–1304. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1011802

Shah A.S. Wong A.W., Hague C.J., Murphy D.T., Johnston J.C., Ryerson C.J., Carlsten C. A prospective study of 12-week respiratory outcomes in COVID-19-related hospitalisations. Thorax. 2021; 76(4): 402–404. DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216308

Zhao Y.M., Shang Y.M., Song W.B., Li Q.Q., Xie H., Xu Q.F., Jia J.L., Li L.M., Mao H.L., Zhou X.M., Luo H., Gao Y.F., Xu A.G. Follow-up study of the pulmonary function and related physiological characteristics of COVID-19 survivors three months after recovery. EClinicalMedicine. 2020; 25: 100463. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.10046

Huppert L.A., Matthay M.A., Ware L.B. Pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2019: 40(1): 31–39. DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1683996

Carsana L., Sonzogni A., Nasr A., Rossi R.S., Pellegrinelli A., Zerbi P., Rech R., Colombo R., Antinori S., Corbellino M., Galli M., Catena E., Tosoni A., Gianatti A., Nebuloni M. Pulmonary post-mortem findings in a series of COVID-19 cases from northern Italy: a two-centre descriptive study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2020; 20(10): 1135–1140. DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30434-5

De Michele S., Sun Y., Yilmaz M.M., Katsyv I., Salvatore M., Dzierba A.L., Marboe C.C., Brodie D., Patel N.M., Garcia C.K., Saqi A. Forty postmortem examinations in COVID-19 patients. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 2020; 154(6): 748–760. DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa156

Hendaus M.A., Jomha F.A. COVID-19 induced superimposed bacterial infection. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 2021; 39(11): 4185–4191. DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1772110

Bharat A., Querrey M., Markov N.S., Kim S., Kurihara C., Garza-Castillon R., Manerikar A., Shilatifard A., Tomic R., Politanska Y., Abdala-Valencia H., Yeldandi A.V., Lomasney J.W., Misharin A.V., Budinger G.R.S. Lung transplantation for patients with severe COVID-19. Sci. Transl. Med. 2020; 12(574): eabe4282. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abe4282

Middeldorp S., Coppens M., van Haaps T.F., Foppen M., Vlaar A.P., Müller M.C.A., Bouman C.C.S., Beenen L.F.M., Kootte R.S., Heijmans J., Smits L.P., Bonta P.I., van Es N. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2020; 18(8): 1995–2002. DOI: 10.1111/jth.14888

Corrigan D., Prucnal C., Kabrhel C. Pulmonary embolism: the diagnosis, risk-stratification, treatment and disposition of emergency department patients. Clin. Exp. Emerg. Med. 2016; 3(3): 117–125. DOI: 10.15441/ceem.16.146

Ackermann M., Verleden S.E., Kuehnel M., Haverich A., Welte T., Laenger F., Vanstapel A., Werlein C., Stark H., Tzankov A., Li W.W., Li V.W., Mentzer S.J., Jonigk D. Pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in COVID-19. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020; 383(2): 120–128. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2015432

Shah W., Hillman T., Playford E.D., Hishmeh L. Managing the long term effects of COVID-19: summary of NICE, SIGN, and RCGP rapid guideline. Brit. Med. J. 2021; 372: n136. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n136

Brigham E., O’Toole J., Kim S.Y., Friedman M., Daly L., Kaplin A., Swarthout M., Hasselfeld B., Lantz-Garnish M., Vannorsdall T., Agranovich A., Raju S., Parker A. The Johns Hopkins Post-Acute COVID-19 Team (PACT): a multidisciplinary, collaborative, ambulatory framework supporting COVID-19 survivors. Am. J. Med. 2021; 134(4): 462–467.e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.12.009

Raghu G., Wilson K.C. COVID-19 interstitial pneumonia: monitoring the clinical course in survivors. Lancet Respir. Med. 2020; 8(9): 839–842. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30349-0

George P.M., Barratt S.L., Condliffe R., Desai S.R., Devaraj A., Forrest I., Gibbons M.A., Hart N., Jenkins R.G., McAuley D.F., Patel B.V., Thwaite E., Spencer L.G. Respiratory follow-up of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Thorax. 2020; 75(11): 1009–1016. DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215314

Myall K.J. Mukherjee B., Castanheira A.M., Lam J.L., Benedetti G., Mak S.M., Preston R., Thillai M., Dewar A., Molyneaux P.L., West A.G. Persistent post-COVID-19 inflammatory interstitial lung disease: an observational study of corticosteroid treatment. Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2021; 18(5): 799–806. DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202008-1002OC

Chang, Y., Lee S.O., Shim T.S., Choi S.H., Kim H.R., Kim Y.H., Kim D.K., Do K.H., Choi I.C., Hong S.B., Park S.I. Lung transplantation as a therapeutic option in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Transplantation. 2018; 102(5): 829–837. DOI: 10.1097/TP.0000000000002004

Wang Q., Pan S., Zhang S., Shen G., Huang M., Wu M. Lung transplantation in pulmonary fibrosis secondary to influenza A pneumonia. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2019; 108(4): e233–e235. DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2019.02.035

George P.M., Wells A.U., Jenkins R.G. Pulmonary fibrosis and COVID-19: the potential role for antifibrotic therapy. Lancet Respir. Med. 2020; 8(8): 807–815. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30225-3

Patell R., Bogue T., Koshy A., Bindal P., Merrill M., Aird W.C., Bauer K.A., Zwicker J.I. Post-discharge thrombosis and hemorrhage in patients with COVID-19. Blood. 2020; 136(11): 1342–1346. DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007938

Salisbury R., Iotchkova V., Jaafar S., Morton J., Sangha G., Shah A., Untiveros P., Curry N., Shapiro S. Incidence of symptomatic, image-confirmed venous thromboembolism following hospitalization for COVID-19 with 90-day follow-up. Blood Adv. 2020; 4(24): 6230–6239. DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003349

Engelen M., Vandenbriele C., Balthazar T., Claeys E., Gunst J., Guler I., Jacquemin M., Janssens S., Lorent N., Liesenborghs L., Peerlinck K., Pieters G., Rex S., Sinonquel P., Van der Linden L., Van Laer C., Vos R., Wauters J., Wilmer A., Verhamme P., Vanassche T. et al. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in patients discharged after COVID-19 hospitalisation. Res. Pract. Thromb. Haemost. 2021; 47(4): 362–371. DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1727284

Giannis D., Allen S.L., Tsang J., Flint S., Pinhasov T., Williams S., Tan G., Thakur R., Leung C., Snyder M., Bhatia C., Garrett D., Cotte C., Isaacs S., Gugerty E., Davidson A., Marder G.S., Schnitzer A., Goldberg B., McGinn T., Davidson K.W., Barish M.A., Qiu M, Zhang M, Goldin M, Matsagkas M, Arnaoutoglou E, Spyropoulos AC. Postdischarge thromboembolic outcomes and mortality of hospitalized patients with COVID-19: the CORE-19 registry Blood. 2021; 137(20): 2838–2847. DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020010529

Mangion K., Morrow A., Bagot C., Bayes H., Blyth K.G., Church C., Corcoran D., Delles C., Gillespie L., Grieve D., Ho A., Kean S., Lang N.N., Lennie V., Lowe D.J., Kellman P., Macfarlane P.W., McConnachie A., Roditi G., Sykes R., Touyz R.M., Sattar N., Wereski R., Wright S., Berry C. The Chief Scientist Office Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Imaging in SARS Coronavirus Disease-19 (CISCO-19) study. Cardiovasc. Res. 2020; 116(14): 2185–2196. DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa209

Chaudhary R., Kreutz R.P., Bliden K.P., Tantry U.S., Gurbel P.A. Personalizing antithrombotic therapy in COVID-19: role of thromboelastography and thromboelastometry. Thromb. Haemost. 2020; 120(11): 1594–1596. DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1714217

Connors J.M., Levy J.H. COVID-19 and its implications for thrombosis and anticoagulation. Blood. 2020; 135(23): 2033–2040. DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020006000

Goshua G., Pine A.B., Meizlish M.L., Chang C.H., Zhang H., Bahel P., Baluha A., Bar N., Bona R.D., Burns A.J., Dela Cruz C.S., Dumont A., Halene S., Hwa J., Koff J., Menninger H., Neparidze N., Price C., Siner J.M., Tormey C., Rinder H.M., Chun H.J., Lee A.I. Endotheliopathy in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: evidence from a single-centre, cross-sectional study. Lancet Haematol. 2020; 7(8): e575–e582. DOI: 10.1016/S2352-3026(20)30216-7

Skendros P., Mitsios A., Chrysanthopoulou A., Mastellos D.C., Metallidis S., Rafailidis P., Ntinopoulou M., Sertaridou E., Tsironidou V., Tsigalou C., Tektonidou M., Konstantinidis T., Papagoras C., Mitroulis I., Germanidis G., Lambris J.D., Ritis K. Complement and tissue factor-enriched neutrophil extracellular traps are key drivers in COVID-19 immunothrombosis. J. Clin. Invest. 2020; 130(11): 6151–6157. DOI: 10.1172/JCI141374

Hottz E.D., Azevedo-Quintanilha I.G., Palhinha L., Teixeira L., Barreto E.A., Pão C.R.R., Righy C., Franco S., Souza T.M.L., Kurtz P., Bozza F.A., Bozza P.T. Platelet activation and platelet–monocyte aggregates formation trigger tissue factor expression in severe COVID-19 patients. Blood. 2020; 136(11): 1330–1341. DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007252

Middleton E.A., He X.Y., Denorme F., Campbell R.A., Ng D., Salvatore S.P., Mostyka M., Baxter-Stoltzfus A., Borczuk A.C., Loda M., Cody M.J., Manne B.K., Portier I., Harris E.S., Petrey A.C., Beswick E.J., Caulin A.F., Iovino A., Abegglen L.M., Weyrich A.S., Rondina M.T., Egeblad M., Schiffman J.D., Yost C.C. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) contribute to immunothrombosis in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome. Blood. 2020; 136(10): 1169–1179. DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007008

Bikdeli B., Madhavan M.V., Gupta A., Jimenez D., Burton J.R., Der Nigoghossian C., Chuich T., Nouri S.N., Dreyfus I., Driggin E., Sethi S., Sehgal K., Chatterjee S., Ageno W., Madjid M., Guo Y., Tang L.V., Hu Y., Bertoletti L., Giri J., Cushman M., Quéré I., Dimakakos E.P., Gibson C.M., Lippi G., Favaloro E.J., Fareed J., Tafur A.J., Francese D.P., Batra J., Falanga A., Clerkin K.J., Uriel N., Kirtane A., McLintock C., Hunt B.J., Spyropoulos A.C., Barnes G.D., Eikelboom J.W., Weinberg I., Schulman S., Carrier M., Piazza G., Beckman J.A., Leon M.B., Stone G.W., Rosenkranz S., Goldhaber S.Z., Parikh S.A., Monreal M., Krumholz H.M., Konstantinides S.V., Weitz J.I., Lip G.Y.H.; Global COVID-19 Thrombosis Collaborative Group. Pharmacological agents targeting thromboinflammation in COVID-19: review and implications for future research. Thromb. Haemost. 2020; 120(7): 1004–1024. DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1713152

Nougier C., Benoit R., Simon M., Desmurs-Clavel H., Marcotte G., Argaud L., David J.S., Bonnet A., Negrier C., Dargaud Y. Hypofibrinolytic state and high thrombin generation may play a major role in SARS-COV2 associated thrombosis. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2020; 18(9): 2215–2219. DOI: 10.1111/jth.15016

Thachil J. Hypoxia — an overlooked trigger for thrombosis in COVID-19 and other critically ill patients. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2020; 18(11): 3109–3110. DOI: 10.1111/jth.15029

Merrill J.T., Erkan D., Winakur J., James J.A. Emerging evidence of a COVID-19 thrombotic syndrome has treatment implications. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 2020; 16(10): 581–589. DOI: 10.1038/s41584-020-0474-5

Talasaz A.H., Sadeghipour P., Kakavand H., Aghakouchakzadeh M., Kordzadeh-Kermani E., Van Tassell B.W., Gheymati A., Ariannejad H., Hosseini S.H., Jamalkhani S., Sholzberg M., Monreal M., Jimenez D., Piazza G., Parikh S.A., Kirtane A.J., Eikelboom J.W., Connors J.M., Hunt B.J., Konstantinides S.V., Cushman M., Weitz J.I., Stone G.W., Krumholz H.M., Lip G.Y.H., Goldhaber S.Z., Bikdeli B. Recent Randomized Trials of Antithrombotic Therapy for Patients With COVID-19: JACC State-of-the-Art Review J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021; 77(15): 1903–1921. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.02.035

Bikdeli B., Madhavan M.V., Jimenez D., Chuich T., Dreyfus I., Driggin E., Nigoghossian C., Ageno W., Madjid M., Guo Y., Tang L.V., Hu Y., Giri J., Cushman M., Quéré I., Dimakakos E.P., Gibson C.M., Lippi G., Favaloro E.J, Fareed J., Caprini J.A., Tafur A.J., Burton J.R., Francese D.P., Wang E.Y., Falanga A., McLintock C., Hunt B.J., Spyropoulos A.C., Barnes G.D., Eikelboom J.W., Weinberg I., Schulman S., Carrier M., Piazza G., Beckman J.A., Steg P.G., Stone G.W., Rosenkranz S., Goldhaber S.Z., Parikh S.A., Monreal M., Krumholz H.M., Konstantinides S.V., Weitz J.I., Lip G.Y.H.; Global COVID-19 Thrombosis Collaborative Group, Endorsed by the ISTH, NATF, ESVM, and the IUA, Supported by the ESC Working Group on Pulmonary Circulation and Right Ventricular Function. COVID-19 and thrombotic or thromboembolic disease: implications for prevention, antithrombotic therapy, and follow-up: JACC state-of-the-art review. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2020; 75(23): 2950–2973. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.031

Moores L.K., Tritschler T., Brosnahan S., Carrier M., Collen J.F., Doerschug K., Holley A.B., Jimenez D., Le Gal G., Rali P., Wells P. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of VTE in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel report. Chest. 2020; 158(3): 1143–1163. DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.05.559

Шляхто Е.В., Арутюнов Г.П., Беленков Ю.Н., Тарловская Е.И., Конради А.О., Панченко Е.П., Явелов И.С., Терещенко С.Н., Ардашев А.В., Арутюнов А.Г., Григорьева Н.Ю., Джунусбекова Г.А., Драпкина О.М., Козиолова Н.А., Комаров А.Л., Кропачева Е.С., Мальчикова С.В., Митьковская Н.П., Орлова Я.А., Петрова М.М., Ребров А.П., Сисакян А.С., Скибицкий В.В., Сугралиев А.Б., Фомин И.В., Чесникова А.И., Шапошник И.И., Желяков Е.Г., Канорский С.Г., Колоцей Л.В., Снежицкий В.А. Применение статинов, антикоагулянтов, антиагрегантов и антиаритмических препаратов у пациентов с COVID-19. Кардиология. 2020; 60(6): 4–14. DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2020.6.n1180

hlyakhto Y.V., Arutyunov G.P., Belenkov Yu.N., Tarlovskaya E.I., Konradi A.O., Panchenko E.P., Yavelov I.S., Tereshchenko S.N., Ardashev A.V., Arutyunov A.G., Grigorieva N.Yu., Dzhunusbekova G.A., Drapkina O.M., Koziolova N.A., Komarov A.L., Kropacheva E.S., Malchikova S.V., Mitkovskaya N.P., Orlova Ya.A., Petrova M.M., Rebrov A.P., Sisakian H., Skibitsky V.V., Sugraliyev A.B., Fomin I.V., Chesnikova A.I., Shaposhnik I.I., Zhelyakov E.G., Kanorskii S.G., Kolotsey L.V., Snezhitskiy V.A. Use of statins, anticoagulants, antiaggregants and antiarrhythmic drugs in patients with COVID-19. The Aagreed Experts’ Position of Russian Society of Cardiology, Eurasian Association of Therapists, National Society on Atherothrombosis, Societies of Experts in Urgent Cardiology, Eurasian Arrhythmology Association. Kardiologiia. 2020; 60(6): 4–14 (In Russ.). DOI: /10.18087/cardio.2020.6.n1180

Jabri A., Kalra A., Kumar A., Alameh A., Adroja S., Bashir H., Nowacki A.S., Shah R., Khubber S., Kanaa’N. A., Hedrick D.P., Sleik K.M., Mehta N., Chung M.K., Khot U.N., Kapadia S.R., Puri R., Reed G.W. Incidence of stress cardiomyopathy during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. JAMA Netw. Open 2020; 3(7): e2014780. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.14780

Puntmann V.O., Carerj M.L., Wieters I., Fahim M., Arendt C., Hoffmann J., Shchendrygina A., Escher F., Vasa-Nicotera M., Zeiher A.M., Vehreschild M., Nagel E. Outcomes of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients recently recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020; 5(11): 1265–1273. DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3557

Rajpal S., Tong M.S., Borchers J., Zareba K.M., Obarski T.P., Simonetti O.P., Daniels C.J. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance findings in competitive athletes recovering from COVID-19 infection. JAMA Cardiol. 2020; 6(1): 116–118. DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.4916

Lindner D., Fitzek A., Bräuninger H., Aleshcheva G., Edler C., Meissner K., Scherschel K., Kirchhof P., Escher F., Schultheiss H.P., Blankenberg S., Püschel K., Westermann D. Association of cardiac infection with SARS-CoV-2 in confirmed COVID-19 autopsy cases. JAMA Cardiol. 2020; 5(11): 1281–1285. DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3551

Siripanthong B., Nazarian S., Muser D., Deo R., Santangeli P., Khanji M.Y., Cooper L.T.Jr., Chahal C.A.A. Recognizing COVID-19-related myocarditis: the possible pathophysiology and proposed guideline for diagnosis and management. Heart Rhythm. 2020; 17(9): 1463–1471. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2020.05.001

Wu Q., Zhou L., Sun X., Yan Z., Hu C., Wu J., Xu L., Li X., Liu H., Yin P., Li K., Zhao J., Li Y., Wang X., Li Y., Zhang Q., Xu G., Chen H. Altered lipid metabolism in recovered SARS patients twelve years after infection. Sci. Rep. 2017; 7(1): 9110. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09536-z

Liu P.P., Blet A., Smyth D., Li H. The science underlying COVID-19: implications for the cardiovascular system. Circulation. 2020; 142(1): 68–78. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047549

Подзолков В.И., Брагина А.Е., Тарзиманова А.И., Васильева Л.В., Батракова Е.П., Лобова Н.В., Быкова Е.Е., Хачуроева М.М. Постковидный синдром и тахикардия: теоретические основы и опыт лечения. Рациональная Фармакотерапия в Кардиологии. 2021; b17(2): b256–262. DOI:10.20996/1819-6446-2021-04-08

Podzolkov V.I., Bragina A.E., Tarzimanova A.I., Vasil’eva L.V., Batrakova E.P., Lobova N.V., Bykova E.E., Khachuroeva M.M. Post-COVID Syndrome and Tachycardia: Theoretical Base and Treatment Experience. Rational Pharmacotherapy in Cardiology. 2021; 17(2): 256–262 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.20996/1819-6446-2021-04-08

Desai A.D., Boursiquot B.C., Melki L., Wan E.Y. Management of arrhythmias associated with COVID-19. Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 2020; 23(1): 2. DOI: 10.1007/s11886-020-01434-7

Hendren N.S., Drazner M.H., Bozkurt B., Cooper L.T.Jr. Description and proposed management of the acute COVID-19 cardiovascular syndrome. Circulation. 2020; 141(23): 1903–1914. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047349

Lopes R.D., Macedo A.V.S., de Barros E., Silva P.G.M., Moll-Bernardes R.J., Dos Santos T.M., Mazza L., Feldman A., D’Andréa Saba Arruda G., de Albuquerque D.C., Camiletti A.S., de Sousa A.S., de Paula T.C., Giusti K.G.D., Domiciano R.A.M., Noya-Rabelo M.M., Hamilton A.M., Loures V.A., Dionísio R.M., Furquim T.A.B., De Luca F.A., Dos Santos Sousa Í.B., Bandeira B.S., Zukowski C.N., de Oliveira R.G.G., Ribeiro N.B., de Moraes J.L., Petriz J.L.F., Pimentel A.M., Miranda J.S., de Jesus Abufaiad B.E., Gibson C.M., Granger C.B., Alexander J.H., de Souza O.F.; BRACE CORONA Investigators. Effect of discontinuing vs continuing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers on days alive and out of the hospital in patients admitted with COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2021; 325(3): 254–264. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.25864

Vaduganathan M., Vardeny O., Michel T., McMurray J.J.V., Pfeffer M.A., Solomon S.D. Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors in patients with COVID-19. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020; 382(17): 1653–1659. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsr2005760

Guzik T.J., Mohiddin S.A., Dimarco A., Patel V., Savvatis K., Marelli-Berg F.M., Madhur M.S., Tomaszewski M., Maffia P., D’Acquisto F., Nicklin S.A., Marian A.J., Nosalski R., Murray E.C., Guzik B., Berry C., Touyz R.M., Kreutz R., Wang D.W., Bhella D., Sagliocco O., Crea F., Thomson E.C., McInnes I.B. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system: implications for risk assessment, diagnosis, and treatment options. Cardiovasc. Res. 2020; 116(10): 1666–1687. DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa106

Kociol R.D., Cooper L.T., Fang J.C., Moslehi J.J., Pang P.S., Sabe M.A., Shah R.V., Sims D.B., Thiene G., Vardeny O.; American Heart Association Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology. Recognition and initial management of fulminant myocarditis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020; 141(6) e69–e92. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000745

Nordvig A.S., Fong K.T., Willey J.Z., Thakur K.T., Boehme A.K., Vargas W.S., Smith C.J., Elkind M.S.V. Potential neurological manifestations of COVID-19. Neurol. Clin. Pract. 2021; 11(2): e135–e146. DOI: 10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000897

Belvis R. Headaches during COVID-19: my clinical case and review of the literature. Headache. 2020; 60(7): 1422–1426. DOI: 10.1111/head.13841

Bolay H., Gül A., Baykan B. COVID-19 is a real headache! Headache. 2020; 60(7): 1415–1421. DOI: 10.1111/head.13856

Ritchie K., Chan D., Watermeyer T. The cognitive consequences of the COVID-19 epidemic: collateral damage? Brain Commun. 2020; 2(2): fcaa069. DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa069

Postolache T.T., Benros M.E., Brenner L.A. Targetable biological mechanisms implicated in emergent psychiatric conditions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Jul 31. DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.2795. Online ahead of print.

Mazza M.G., De Lorenzo R., Conte C., Poletti S., Vai B., Bollettini I., Melloni E.M.T., Furlan R., Ciceri F., Rovere-Querini P.; COVID-19 BioB Outpatient Clinic Study group, Benedetti F. Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: role of inflammatory and clinical predictors. Brain Behav. Immun. 2020; 89: 594–600. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.037

Rogers J.P., Chesney E., Oliver D., Pollak T.A., McGuire P., Fusar-Poli P., Zandi M.S., Lewis G., David A.S. Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020; 7(7): 611–627. DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30203-0

Taquet M., Luciano S., Geddes J.R., Harrison P.J. Bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorder: retrospective cohort studies of 62 354 COVID-19 cases in the USA. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021; 8(2): 130–140. DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30462-4

Trejo-Gabriel-Galán J.M. Stroke as a complication and prognostic factor of COVID-19. Neurologia. 2020; 35(5): 318–322. DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2020.04.015

Parauda S.C., Gao V., Gewirtz A.N., Parikh N.S., Merkler A.E., Lantos J., White H., Leifer D., Navi B.B., Segal A.Z. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in patients with COVID-19. J. Neurol. Sci. 2020; 416: 117019. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117019

Ellul M.A., Benjamin L., Singh B., Lant S., Michael B.D., Easton A., Kneen R., Defres S., Sejvar J., Solomon T. Neurological associations of COVID-19. Lancet Neurol. 2020; 19(9): 767–783. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30221-0

Heneka M.T., Golenbock D., Latz E., Morgan D., Brown R. Immediate and long-term consequences of COVID-19 infections for the development of neurological disease. Alzheimers Res. Ther. 2020; 12(1): 69. DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00640-3

Desforges M., Le Coupanec A., Stodola J.K., Meessen-Pinard M., Talbot P.J. Human coronaviruses: viral and cellular factors involved in neuroinvasiveness and neuropathogenesis. Virus Res. 2014; 194: 145–158. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.09.011

Reichard R.R., Kashani K.B., Boire N.A., Constantopoulos E., Guo Y., Lucchinetti C.F. Neuropathology of COVID-19: a spectrum of vascular and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)-like pathology. Acta Neuropathol. 2020; 140(1): 1–6. DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02166-2

Bortolato B., Carvalho A.F., Soczynska J.K., Perini G.I., McIntyre R.S. The involvement of TNF-α in cognitive dysfunction associated with major depressive disorder: an opportunity for domain specific treatments. Curr. Neuropharmacol. 2015; 13(5): 558–576. DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150630171433

Aiello A., Farzaneh F., Candore G., Caruso C., Davinelli S., Gambino C.M., Ligotti M.E., Zareian N., Accardi G. Immunosenescence and its hallmarks: how to oppose aging strategically? A review of potential options for therapeutic intervention. Front. Immunol. 2019; 10: 2247. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02247

100

Perrin R., Riste L., Hann M., Walther A., Mukherjee A., Heald A. Into the looking glass: post-viral syndrome post COVID-19. Med. Hypotheses. 2020; 144: 110055. DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110055

101

Morbini P., Benazzo M., Verga L., Pagella F.G., Mojoli F., Bruno R., Marena C. Ultrastructural evidence of direct viral damage to the olfactory complex in patients testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2020; 146(10): 972–973. DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.2366

102

Ameres M., Brandstetter S., Toncheva A.A., Kabesch M., Leppert D., Kuhle J., Wellmann S. Association of neuronal injury blood marker neurofilament light chain with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. J. Neurol. 2020; 267(12): 3476–3478. DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10050-y

103

Kaseda E.T., Levine A.J. Post-traumatic stress disorder: a differential diagnostic consideration for COVID-19 survivors. Clin. Neuropsychol. 2020; 34(7–8): 1498–1514. DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2020.1811894

104

Dani M., Dirksen A., Taraborrelli P., Torocastro M., Panagopoulos D., Sutton R., Lim P.B. Autonomic dysfunction in ‘long COVID’: rationale, physiology and management strategies Clin Med (Lond). 2021; 21(1): e63–e67. DOI: 10.7861/clinmed.2020-0896

105

Sakusic A., Rabinstein A.A. Cognitive outcomes after critical illness. Curr. Opin. Crit. Care 2018; 24(5): 410–414. DOI: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000527

106

Do T.P., Remmers A., Schytz H.W., Schankin C., Nelson S.E., Obermann M., Hansen J.M., Sinclair A.J., Gantenbein A.R., Schoonman G.G. Red and orange flags for secondary headaches in clinical practice: SNNOOP10 list. Neurology 2019; 92(3): 134–144. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000006697

107

Robbins-Juarez S.Y., Qian L., King K.L., Stevens J.S., Husain S.A., Radhakrishnan J., Mohan S. Outcomes for patients with COVID-19 and acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int. Rep. 2020; 5(8): 1149–1160. DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.06.013

108

Wilbers T.J., Koning M.V. Renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study investigating mortality, renal recovery and filter lifetime. J. Crit. Care. 2020; 60: 103–105. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.07.025

109

Stevens J.S., King K.L., Robbins-Juarez S.Y., Khairallah P., Toma K., Alvarado Verduzco H., Daniel E., Douglas D., Moses A.A., Peleg Y., Starakiewicz P., Li M.T., Kim D.W., Yu K., Qian L., Shah V.H., O’Donnell M.R., Cummings M.J., Zucker J., Natarajan K., Perotte A., Tsapepas D., Krzysztof K., Dube G., Siddall E., Shirazian S., Nickolas T.L., Rao M.K., Barasch J.M., Valeri A.M., Radhakrishnan J., Gharavi A.G., Husain S.A., Mohan S. High rate of renal recovery in survivors of COVID-19 associated acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy. PLoS ONE 2020; 15(12): e0244131. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244131

110

Su H., Yang M., Wan C., Yi L.X., Tang F., Zhu H.Y., Yi F., Yang H.C., Fogo A.B., Nie X., Zhang C. Renal histopathological analysis of 26 postmortem findings of patients with COVID-19 in China. Kidney Int. 2020; 98(1): 219–227. DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.04.003

111

Kudose S., Batal I., Santoriello D., Xu K., Barasch J., Peleg Y., Canetta P., Ratner L.E., Marasa M., Gharavi A.G., Stokes M.B., Markowitz G.S., D’Agati V.D. Kidney biopsy findings in patients with COVID-19. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2020; 31(9): 1959–1968. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2020060802

112

Santoriello D., Khairallah P., Bomback A.S., Xu K., Kudose S., Batal I., Barasch J., Radhakrishnan J., D’Agati V., Markowitz G. Postmortem kidney pathology findings in patients with COVID-19. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2020; 31(9): 2158–2167. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2020050744

113

Peleg Y., Kudose S., D’Agati V., Siddall E., Ahmad S., Nickolas T., Kisselev S., Gharavi A., Canetta P. Acute kidney injury due to collapsing glomerulopathy following COVID-19 Infection. Kidney Int. Rep. 2020; 5(6): 940–945. DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.04.017

114

Jhaveri K.D., Meir L.R., Flores Chang B.S., Parikh R., Wanchoo R., Barilla-LaBarca M.L., Bijol V., Hajizadeh N. Thrombotic microangiopathy in a patient with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020; 98(2): 509–512. DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.025

115

Suwanwongse K., Shabarek N. Newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus, DKA, and COVID-19: causality or coincidence? A report of three cases. J. Med. Virol.2021; 93(2): 1150–1153. DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26339

116

Rubino F., Amiel S.A., Zimmet P., Alberti G., Bornstein S., Eckel R.H., Mingrone G., Boehm B., Cooper M.E., Chai Z., Del Prato S., Ji L., Hopkins D., Herman W.H., Khunti K., Mbanya J.C., Renard E. et al. New-onset diabetes in COVID-19. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020; 383(8): 789–790. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2018688

117

Ruggeri R.M., Campenni A., Siracusa M., Frazzetto G., Gullo D. Subacute thyroiditis in a patient infected with SARS-COV-2: an endocrine complication linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. Hormones (Athens). 2021; 20(1): 219–221. DOI: 10.1007/s42000-020-00230-w

118

Tee L.Y., Hajanto S., Rosario B.H. COVID-19 complicated by Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Singapore Med. J. 2020 Jul 16. DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2020106. Online ahead of print.

119

Mateu-Salat M., Urgell E., Chico A. SARS-COV-2 as a trigger for autoimmune disease: report of two cases of Graves’ disease after COVID-19. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 2020; 43(10): 1527–1528. DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01366-7

120

Gentile S., Strollo F., Mambro A., Ceriello A. COVID-19, ketoacidosis and new-onset diabetes: are there possible cause and effect relationships among them? Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2020; 22(12): 2507–2508. DOI: 10.1111/dom.14170

121

Müller J.A., Groß R., Conzelmann C., Krüger J., Merle U., Steinhart J., Weil T., Koepke L., Bozzo C.P., Read C., Fois G., Eiseler T., Gehrmann J., van Vuuren J., Wessbecher I.M., Frick M., Costa I.G., Breunig M., Grüner B., Peters L., Schuster M., Liebau S., Seufferlein T., Stenger S., Stenzinger A., MacDonald P.E., Kirchhoff F., Sparrer K.M.J., Walther P., Lickert H., Barth T.F.E., Wagner M., Münch J., Heller S., Kleger A. SARS-CoV-2 infects and replicates in cells of the human endocrine and exocrine pancreas Nat Metab. 2021; 3(2): 149–165. DOI: 10.1038/s42255-021-00347-1

122

Tang X., Uhl S., Zhang T., Xue D., Li B., Vandana J.J., Acklin J.A., Bonnycastle L.L., Narisu N., Erdos M.R., Bram Y., Chandar V., Chong A.C.N., Lacko L.A., Min Z., Lim J.K., Borczuk A.C., Xiang J., Naji A., Collins F.S., Evans T., Liu C., tenOever B.R., Schwartz R.E., Chen S. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces beta cell transdifferentiation Cell Metab. 2021 May 19: S1550-4131(21)00232-1. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.05.015. Online ahead of print.

123

Salvio G., Gianfelice C., Firmani F., Lunetti S., Balercia G., Giacchetti G. Bone metabolism in SARS-CoV-2 disease: possible osteoimmunology and gender implications. Clin. Rev. Bone Miner. Metab. 2020 Sep 1; 1–7. DOI: 10.1007/s12018-020-09274-3. Online ahead of print.

124

DiMeglio L.A., Evans-Molina C., Oram R.A. Type 1 diabetes. Lancet 2018; 391: 2449–2462. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31320-5

125

Wu Y., Guo C., Tang L., Hong Z., Zhou J., Dong X., Yin H., Xiao Q., Tang Y., Qu X., Kuang L., Fang X., Mishra N., Lu J., Shan H., Jiang G., Huang X. Prolonged presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in faecal samples. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2020; 5(5): 434–435. DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30083-2

126

Zuo T., Zhang F., Lui G.C.Y., Yeoh Y.K., Li A.Y.L., Zhan H., Wan Y., Chung A.C.K., Cheung C.P., Chen N., Lai C.K.C., Chen Z., Tso E.Y.K., Fung K.S.C., Chan V., Ling L., Joynt G., Hui D.S.C., Chan F.K.L., Chan P.K.S., Ng S.C. Alterations in gut microbiota of patients with COVID-19 during time of hospitalization. Gastroenterology. 2020; 159(3): 944–955.e8. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.048

127

Bradley K.C., Finsterbusch K., Schnepf D., Crotta S., Llorian M., Davidson S., Fuchs S.Y., Staeheli P., Wack A. Microbiota-driven tonic interferon signals in lung stromal cells protect from influenza virus infection. Cell Rep. 2019; 28(1): 245–256.e4. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.105

128

Freeman E.E., McMahon D.E., Lipoff J.B., Rosenbach M., Kovarik C., Desai S.R., Harp J., Takeshita J., French L.E., Lim H.W., Thiers B.H., Hruza G.J., Fox L.P. The spectrum of COVID-19-associated dermatologic manifestations: an international registry of 716 patients from 31 countries. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2020; 83(4): 1118–1129. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.06.1016

129

Mirza F.N., Malik A.A., Omer S.B., Sethi A. Dermatologic manifestations of COVID-19: a comprehensive systematic review. Int. J. Dermatol. 2021; 60(4): 418–450. DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15168

130

Genovese G., Moltrasio C., Berti E., Marzano A.V. Skin manifestations associated with COVID-19: current knowledge and future perspectives. Dermatology. 2021; 237(1): 1–12. DOI: 10.1159/000512932

131

Бубнова М.Г., Шляхто Е.В., Аронов Д.М., Белевский А.С., Герасименко М. Ю., Глезер М.Г., Гордеев М.Н., Драпкина О.М., Иванова Г.Е., Иоселиани Д.Г., Карамнова Н.С., Космачева Е.Д., Кулешов А.В., Кукшина А.А., Лядов К.В., Лямина Н.П., Макарова М.Р., Мещерякова Н.Н., Никитюк Д.Б., Пасечник И.Н., Персиянова-Дуброва А.Л., Погонченкова И.В., Свет А.В., Стародубова А.В., Тутельян В.А. Новая коронавирусная инфекционная болезнь COVID-19: особенности комплексной кардиологической и респираторной реабилитации. Консенсус экспертов Российского общества кардиосоматической реабилитации и вторичной профилактики (РосОКР), Российского кардиологического общества (РКО), Российского респираторного общества (РРО), Союза реабилитологов России (СРР), Российского союза нутрициологов, диетологов и специалистов пищевой индустрии (РОСНДП). Российский кардиологический журнал. 2021; 26(5): 4487. DOI: 10.15829/1560-4071-2021-4487

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.