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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ksma</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Кубанский научный медицинский вестник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Kuban Scientific Medical Bulletin</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1608-6228</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9544</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Kuban State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25207/1608-6228-2024-31-5-26-40</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ksma-3629</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ. МЕДИКО-БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES. MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Морфологическая оценка экспрессии факторов ангиогенеза в опухоли и микроокружении при фиброаденоме и протоковой карциноме молочной железы: наблюдательное когортное исследование</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Morphological assessment of angiogenesis factor expression in tumor and microenvironment of breast fibroadenoma and ductal carcinoma: An observational cohort study</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3911-1245</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алиев</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aliyev</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алиев Казим Алиевич — кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры онкологии.</p><p>бульвар Ленина, д. 5/7, Симферополь, 7295051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kazim A. Aliyev — Cand. Sci. (Med.), Assoc. Prof., Oncology Department, Georgievsky Medical Academy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University.</p><p>Lenina str., 5/7, Simferopol, 7295051</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0409-3297</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Асанова</surname><given-names>Э. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Asanova</surname><given-names>E. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Асанова Эльвина Рефатовна — младший научный сотрудник Центральной научно-исследовательской лаборатории.</p><p>бульвар Ленина, д. 5/7, Симферополь, 7295051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elvina R. Asanova — Junior Researcher of the Central Research Laboratory, Georgievsky Medical Academy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University.</p><p>Lenina str., 5/7, Simferopol, 7295051</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1884-2620</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макалиш</surname><given-names>Т. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makalish</surname><given-names>T. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Макалиш Татьяна Павловна — кандидат биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник Центральной научно-исследовательской лаборатории.</p><p>бульвар Ленина, д. 5/7, Симферополь, 7295051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana P. Makalish — Сand. Sci. (Biol.), Leading Researcher of the Central Research Laboratory, Georgievsky Medical Academy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University.</p><p>Lenina str., 5/7, Simferopol, 7295051</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8216-4196</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зяблицкая</surname><given-names>Е. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zyablitskaya</surname><given-names>E. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Зяблицкая Евгения Юрьевна — доктор медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник Центральной научно-исследовательской лаборатории.</p><p>бульвар Ленина, д. 5/7, Симферополь, 7295051</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgenia Yu. Zyablitskaya — Dr. Sci. (Med.), Leading Researcher of the Central Research Laboratory, Georgievsky Medical Academy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University.</p><p>Lenina str., 5/7, Simferopol, 7295051</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">evgu79@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Ордена Трудового Красного Знамени Медицинский институт имени С.И. Георгиевского федерального государственного автономного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Крымский федеральный университет имени В.И. Вернадского»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Georgievsky Medical Academy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>26</fpage><lpage>40</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Алиев К.А., Асанова Э.Р., Макалиш Т.П., Зяблицкая Е.Ю., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Алиев К.А., Асанова Э.Р., Макалиш Т.П., Зяблицкая Е.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Aliyev K.A., Asanova E.R., Makalish T.P., Zyablitskaya E.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ksma.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3629">https://ksma.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3629</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Ангиогенезу принадлежит решающая роль в прогрессировании рака молочной железы. Определение и изучение ключевых звеньев этого процесса представляет большой интерес в понимании биологии опухоли, поскольку исследования нацелены не только на ее фенотип, но и на особенности ее микроокружения. Исследования динамики экспрессии факторов, участвующих в ангиогенезе, иммуногистохимическими методами представляют ценность как для оценки традиционных химиотерапевтических возможностей, так и для определения новых мишеней в таргетной терапии рака молочной железы. Цель исследования — изучить ангиогенез при протоковой карциноме молочной железы путем оценки экспрессии сосудистого эндотелиального фактора роста, ангиопоэтина 2 и фактора гипоксии альфа на фоне различных терапевтических стратегий. Методы. Проведено наблюдательное когортное исследование биопсийного материала пациенток с верифицированным диагнозом «фиоброаденома» и «протоковая карцинома молочной железы», жительниц Республики Крым, обратившихся в онкологические стационары г. Симферополя за период с января 2021 по январь 2023 года. Исследованы срезы опухолевого материала, ткани молочной железы 68 пациенток с верифицированными диагнозами «протоковая карцинома» и «фиброаденома» (средний возраст пациенток составил 65 ± 5 лет). Были сформированы следующие группы: контрольная — пациентки с фиброаденомой молочной железы (n = 20); пациенток с протоковой карциномой молочной железы (n = 48) разделили на 2 группы. Группа I — пациентки с протоковой карциномой молочной железы, не получавшие химиотерапию (n = 23). Группа II — пациентки с протоковой карциномой молочной железы, прооперированные после одного или нескольких курсов химиотерапии (n = 25). Исследовали срезы опухолевого материала, полученного из парафиновых блоков, оценивали экспрессию маркеров ангиогенеза методом иммуногистохимии с использованием первичных антител к сосудистому эндотелиальному фактору роста, ангиопоэтину 2 и фактору гипоксии альфа. Статистический анализ выполнен с помощью программы Statistica версии 10.0 (StatSoft, США). Значимыми считали отличия при вероятности ошибки р ≤ 0,05. Значение р &lt; 0,05 считали статистически значимым для всех видов анализа. Результаты. Экспрессия факторов гипоксии и сосудистого роста достоверно отличается в обеих группах с протоковой карциномой молочной железы, а также есть отличия от контрольной группы. В группе контроля с доброкачественным процессом фактор гипоксии имеет цитоплазматическую локализацию, а в группах с протоковой карциномой молочной железы отмечена ядерная экспрессия. Установлены достоверные различия в ядерной экспрессии фактора гипоксии в группах пациенток с верифицированным протоковой карциномой молочной железы: во II группе, получавшей химиотерапию, в строме опухоли, в строме участков без опухоли. В зоне демаркации экспрессия фактора гипоксии значимо выше, чем в образцах прооперированных женщин I группы (р = 0,033; p = 0,034, p &lt; 0,001 соответственно). В эпителии опухоли у пациенток с протоковой карциномой молочной железы сосудистый фактор роста экспрессируется достоверно интенсивнее в группе без химиотерапии, чем в группе после применения химиотерапии (p &lt; 0,001), а в опухолевой строме, напротив: ангиопоэтин достоверно выше экспрессируется у пациенток, получавших курсы химиотерапии, чем у пациенток без лечения, как в опухолевых участках за счет эндотелия сосудов (р = 0,004), так и в условно здоровых участках молочной железы (p &lt; 0,001). В контрольной группе, представленной фиброаденомой, экспрессия исследуемых факторов более выражена, чем в группах с протоковой карциномой молочной железы. Заключение. Полученные данные указывают на активацию процессов ангиогенеза в группе пациенток после проведенных курсов химиотерапии, о чем свидетельствует повышенная экспрессия фактора гипоксии, сосудистого эндотелиального фактора роста и ангиопоэтина. Такой результат связан с высокой распространенностью резистентных форм протоковой карциномы молочной железы в группе II нашей выборки. Изучение сигнальных путей ангиогенеза и его звеньев представляет собой ценную информацию в расширении представлений о механизмах возникновения и путях преодоления устойчивости к химиотерапии при протоковой карциноме молочной железы.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in the progression of breast cancer. Identifying and investigating the key components of this process, focused on phenotype as well as microenvironment of the tumor, is considered highly relevant for understanding tumor biology. Studies into the expression of angiogenesis-related factors by means of immunohistochemical methods appear valuable for both assessing conventional chemotherapy options and identifying new targets in targeted therapy for breast cancer. Objectives. To investigate angiogenesis in breast ductal carcinoma by assessing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin-2, and hypoxia-inducible factor alpha in the context of various therapeutic strategies. Methods. An observational cohort study was conducted using biopsy samples from female patients with confirmed diagnoses of “fibroadenoma” and “ductal carcinoma of the breast,” residents of the Republic of Crimea, who applied to oncological hospitals in Simferopol from January 2021 to January 2023. Examination involved histological sections of breast tumor tissue from 68 patients with verified diagnoses of “ductal carcinoma” and “fibroadenoma” (the mean age of the patients was 65 ± 5). The following cohorts were formed in the study: control group, consisting of patients with breast fibroadenoma (n = 20); two subgroups of patients with ductal carcinoma of the breast (n = 48), including Group I — patients with ductal carcinoma of the breast who had not received chemotherapy (n = 23), Group II — patients with ductal carcinoma of the breast, who underwent surgery following one or more courses of chemotherapy (n = 25). The study involved examining the tumor tissue sections obtained from paraffin blocks, assessing the expression of angiogenesis markers via immunohistochemistry using primary antibodies against vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin 2, and hypoxia-inducible factor alpha. Statistical analysis was carried out using Statistica 10.0 (StatSoft, USA). Differences were considered significant at error probability p ≤ 0.05. The value of p &lt; 0.05 was deemed statistically significant for all types of analysis. Results. The expression of hypoxia-inducible and vascular growth factors differed significantly between both groups with breast ductal carcinoma as well as when compared to the control group. The hypoxia-inducible factor having cytoplasmic localization was detected in the control group with benign processes, whereas the nuclear expression was noted in the breast ductal carcinoma groups. Significant differences in the nuclear expression of hypoxia-inducible factor have been established among groups of patients with confirmed ductal carcinoma of the breast: in Group II, which underwent chemotherapy, expression was notably higher in both the tumor stroma and in the stroma of tumor-free areas. The hypoxia-inducible factor expression was significantly greater at the demarcation zone than that observed in samples from surgically treated women in Group I (p = 0.033; p = 0.034, p &lt; 0.001, respectively). In the tumor epithelium of patients with breast ductal carcinoma, vascular endothelial growth factor was expressed significantly more intensively in the group who did not receive chemotherapy compared to the other group (p &lt; 0.001). Conversely, in the tumor stroma, angiopoietin exhibited significantly higher expression levels among patients who underwent chemotherapy compared to those who received no treatment; this was observed in both the tumor areas due to endothelial cell involvement (p = 0.004) and in conditionally healthy regions of the breast (p &lt; 0.001). In the control group represented by fibroadenoma patients, the expression of the studied factors is more pronounced than in the groups with ductal carcinoma of the breast. Conclusion. The obtained data indicate the activation of angiogenesis processes in the group of patients after chemotherapy, as evidenced by the increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and angiopoietin. This result is associated with the high prevalence of resistant forms of breast ductal carcinoma in Group II. The study of the signaling pathways of angiogenesis and its components provides valuable insights into patterns of occurrence and strategies to overcome chemotherapy resistance in ductal carcinoma of the breast.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>протоковая карцинома молочной железы</kwd><kwd>маркеры ангиогенеза</kwd><kwd>фактор гипоксии</kwd><kwd>сосудистый эндотелиальный фактор роста</kwd><kwd>ангиопоэтин</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ductal carcinoma of the breast</kwd><kwd>angiogenesis markers</kwd><kwd>hypoxia-inducible factor</kwd><kwd>vascular endothelial growth factor</kwd><kwd>angiopoietin</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Министерства образования и науки Российской Федерации, государственное задание FZEG-2023-0009 «Изучение гетерогенности микроокружения опухоли как фактора ее агрессивности и резистентности к терапии», по соглашению Министерства образования и науки Российской Федерации и федерального государственного автономного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Крымский федеральный университет имени В.И. Вернадского» № 075-01400-23-00 от 29.12.22, тема № 123030700011-4 от 07.03.2023.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out with the financial support of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, state assignment FZEG-2023-0009 “Study of the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment as a factor of its aggressiveness and resistance to therapy,” under the agreement between the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation and the V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University No 075-01400-23-00 of 29.12.22, topic No 123030700011-4 dated 07.03.2023.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A. 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