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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ksma</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Кубанский научный медицинский вестник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Kuban Scientific Medical Bulletin</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1608-6228</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9544</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Kuban State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25207/1608-6228-2025-32-4-62-81</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ksma-3639</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ. КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ МЕДИЦИНА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES. CLINICAL MEDICINE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Пузырная жидкость как источник биомаркеров стероидной резистентности у больных жизнеугрожающими буллезными дерматозами: наблюдательное когортное контролируемое исследование</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Blister fluid as a source of steroid resistance biomarkers in patients with life-threatening bullous dermatoses: An observational cohort controlled study</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2482-1754</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Олисова</surname><given-names>О. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Olisova</surname><given-names>O. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Олисова Ольга Юрьевна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, член-корреспондент Российской академии наук, заведующая кафедрой кафедры кожных и венерических болезней имени В.А. Рахманова; директор клиники лечебно-диагностического отделения № 2 (с функциями приемного отделения) клиники кожных и венерических болезней им. В.А. Рахманова университетской клинической больницы № 2,</p><p>ул. Трубецкая, д. 8 стр. 2, г. Москва, 119048</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga Yu. Olisova - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor (academic title), Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the V.A. Rakhmanov Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases; Director of the Clinic of Diagnostic and Treatment Department No. 2 (with the Functions of an Admission Unit),</p><p>Trubetskaya str., 8, bld. 2, Moscow, 119048</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4365-3090</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лепехова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lepekhova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лепехова Анфиса Александровна - кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры кожных и венерических болезней имени В.А. Рахманова, специалист лечебно-диагностического отделения № 2 (с функциями приемногоотделения) клиники кожных и венерических болезней им. В.А. Рахманова университетской клинической больницы № 2,</p><p>ул. Трубецкая, д. 8 стр. 2, г. Москва, 119048</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anfisa A. Lepekhova - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, V.A. Rakhmanov Clinic of Skin and Venereal Diseases of the University Clinical Hospital No. 2, Specialist of the Diagnostic and Treatment Department No. 2 (with the Functions of an Admission Unit), V.A. Rakhmanov Clinic of Skin and Venereal Diseases, University Clinical Hospital No. 2, </p><p>Trubetskaya str., 8, bld. 2, Moscow, 119048</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anfisa.lepehova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2433-7727</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Духанин</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dukhanin</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Духанин Александр Сергеевич - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, профессор кафедры молекулярной фармакологии и радиобиологии им. академика П.В. Сергеева медико-биологического факультета, </p><p>ул. Островитянова, д. 1, стр. 6, г. Москва, 117513</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander S. Dukhanin - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor (academic title), Professor of the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Radiobiology named after Academician P.V. Sergeev, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, </p><p>Ostrovityanova str., 1, bld. 6, Moscow, 117513</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5800-4800</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Теплюк</surname><given-names>Н. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Teplyuk</surname><given-names>N. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Теплюк Наталия Павловна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры кожных и венерических болезней имениВ.А. Рахманова, специалист лечебно-диагностического отделения № 2 (с функциями приемного отделения) клиникикожных и венерических болезней им. В.А. Рахманова университетской клинической больницы № 2,</p><p>ул. Трубецкая, д. 8 стр. 2, г. Москва, 119048</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia P. Teplyuk - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor of the V.A. Rakhmanov Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases; Specialist of the Diagnostic and Treatment Department No. 2 (with the Functions of an Admission Unit), V.A. Rakhmanov Clinic of Skin and Venereal Diseases, University Clinical Hospital No. 2, </p><p>Trubetskaya str., 8, bld. 2, Moscow, 119048</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8887-4420</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шимановский</surname><given-names>Н. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shimanovsky</surname><given-names>N. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шимановский Николай Львович - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, член-корреспондент Российской академии наук, заведующий кафедрой молекулярной фармакологии и радиобиологии имени академика П.В. Сергеева медико-биологического факультета; заведующий научно-исследовательской лабораторией молекулярной фармакологии научно-исследовательского института трансляционной медицины,</p><p>ул. Островитянова, д. 1, стр. 6, г. Москва, 117513</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolay L. Shimanovsky - Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor (academic title), Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Radiobiology named after Academician P.V. Sergeev, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences; Head of the Research Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology of the Research Institute of Translational Medicine, </p><p>Ostrovityanova str., 1, bld. 6, Moscow, 117513</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3419-8521</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юдин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yudin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юдин Александр Александрович - кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры иммунологии медико-биологического факультета, ул. Островитянова, д. 1, стр. 6, г. Москва, 117513;</p><p>заведующий отделением аллергологии и иммунологии государственного бюджетного учреждения здравоохранения города Москвы «Городская клиническая больница № 24 Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы», ул. Писцовая, д. 10, г. Москва, 127015;</p><p>врач-пульмонолог, ул. Староволынская, д. 10, г. Москва, 121352</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander А. Yudin - Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor of the Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Ostrovityanova str., 1, bld. 6, Moscow, 117513;</p><p>Head of the Department of Allergology and Immunology, Starovolynskaya str., 10, Moscow, 121352;</p><p>pulmonologist, Clinical Hospital No. 1 of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation, Pistsovaya str., 10, Moscow, 127015</p><p> </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Московский&#13;
государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской&#13;
Федерации (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Первый Московский&#13;
государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской&#13;
Федерации (Сеченовский Университет)&#13;
ул. Трубецкая, д. 8 стр. 2, г. Москва, 119048</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский&#13;
национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения&#13;
Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский&#13;
национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения&#13;
Российской Федерации;&#13;
Государственное бюджетное учреждение здравоохранения города Москвы «Городская клиническая больница № 24&#13;
Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»;&#13;
Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Клиническая больница № 1» Управления делами Президента&#13;
Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University;&#13;
Municipal Clinical Hospital No. 24 of the Moscow City Health Department;&#13;
 Clinical Hospital No. 1 of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>62</fpage><lpage>81</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Олисова О.Ю., Лепехова А.А., Духанин А.С., Теплюк Н.П., Шимановский Н.Л., Юдин А.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Олисова О.Ю., Лепехова А.А., Духанин А.С., Теплюк Н.П., Шимановский Н.Л., Юдин А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Olisova O.Y., Lepekhova A.A., Dukhanin A.S., Teplyuk N.P., Shimanovsky N.L., Yudin A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ksma.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3639">https://ksma.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/3639</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Буллезные дерматозы представляют собой тяжелые жизнеугрожающие антитело-индуцированные орган-специфические мультифакториальные заболевания, в основе которых лежит генетическая предрасположенность. Системные глюкокортикостероиды являются первой линией терапии множества буллезных дерматозов. Небольшая, но существенная часть таких больных рефрактерна к проводимой базовой терапии системными глюкокортикостероидами. Механизмы стероидной резистентности изучались на уровне рецепторов, генов в сыворотке больных, однако на уровне пузырной жидкости локально в области формирования пузыря данный механизм не исследовался.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования: оценить цитокиновый (интерлейкин-10, -15, -4, фактор некроза опухоли альфа), хемокиновый (хемотаксический белок эозинофилов, интерлейкин-8) профили и уровень гранулизина у больных буллезными дерматозами в сыворотке и пузырной жидкости, а также их возможную взаимосвязь со стероидной резистентностью.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы. В наблюдательное когортное контролируемое исследование вошло 67 больных буллезными дерматозами, госпитализированных в период с января 2020 по декабрь 2023 г. в клинику кожных и венерических болезней им. В.А. Рахманова университетской клинической больницы № 2 федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет) и в отделение аллергологии и иммунологии государственного бюджетного учреждения здравоохранения города Москвы «Городская клиническая больница № 24 Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы». В зависимости от установленного диагноза пациенты были разделены на три группы. В первую входили пациенты с акантолитической пузырчаткой (n = 43), во вторую — с буллезным пемфигоидом (n = 11) и третью — с синдромом Стивенса — Джонсона и токсическим эпидермальным некролизом (n = 13). Группу контроля составили 43 здоровых донора, биологический материал от которых был получен из Центра крови федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет). После проведения 3‑недельного курса системных глюкокортикостероидов в группах пациентов с буллезными дерматозами была проведена стратификация на стероид-резистентные и стероид-чувствительные подгруппы соответственно: с акантолитической пузырчаткой 18/25 человек; с буллезным пемфигоидом 3/8; с синдромом Стивенса — Джонсона и токсическим эпидермальным некролизом 1/12. Статистический анализ данных результатов анализов стероид-резистентных и стероид-чувствительных пациентов с синдромом Стивенса — Джонсона и токсическим эпидермальным некролизом не осуществлялся ввиду незначительного количества пациентов. Основные показатели исследования: интерлейкины -10, -15, -4, фактор некроза опухоли альфа, хемотаксический белок эозинофилов, интерлейкин-8 и уровень гранулизина в сыворотке крови и пузырной жидкости больных в зависимости от наличия или отсутствия стероидной резистентности. Статистическая обработка данных проводилась с использованием пакетов программ Statistica 10.01 (StatSoft, США), Microsoft Excel 2010 (Microsoft, США) и IBM SPSS 24.0 (IBM, США). Различия считались статистически значимыми при p &lt; 0,05.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. У больных акантолитической пузырчаткой, буллезным пемфигоидом Левера, а также синдромом Стивенса — Джонсона и токсическим эпидермальным некролизом в сыворотке крови концентрация фактора некроза опухоли-α, интерлейкина-10, гранулизина, а также хемокинов — интерлейкина-8 и эозинофильного белка была статистически значимо выше по сравнению с группой контроля (p &lt; 0,001). У больных пузырчаткой значимо более низкий уровень фактора некроза опухоли-α, а именно — в пузырной жидкости, в отличие от сыворотки, коррелировал со стероидной резистентностью (p &lt; 0,05), поскольку снижение уровня ключевого хемоаттрактанта нейтрофилов может свидетельствовать о нарушении рекрутинга иммунных клеток в очаг поражения, что делает его потенциальным биомаркером рефрактерного течения заболевания. В то время как в пузырной жидкости у стероидрезистентных пациентов с буллезным пемфигоидом отмечался статистически значимо высокий уровень интерлейкинов -4, -8, -15, а также гранулизина по сравнению со стероид-чувствительными больными (p &lt; 0,05). Это подчеркивает различия в профилях воспалительных маркеров, связанных с нечувствительностью больных к гормональной терапии. Интересно, что по сравнению с группой пузырчатки большинство пациентов с буллезным пемфигоидом адекватно отвечали на терапию (8/11) системными глюкокортикостероидами. У пациентов с синдромом Стивенса — Джонсона и токсическим эпидермальным некролизом в пузырной жидкости уровень гранулизина (медиана: 12105 нг/мл) был статистически значимо выше по сравнению с пузырчаткой (медиана: 10842 нг/мл; p = 0,024) и буллезным пемфигоидом (медиана: 10 335 нг/мл; p = 0,048). Полученные данные говорят о том, что анализ данного биомаркера в пузырной жидкости может быть применен для диагностики и дифференциальной диагностики буллезных дерматозов.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. В проводимом исследовании были идентифицированы потенциальные предикторы ответа на терапию системными глюкокортикостероидами в пузырной жидкости у больных пузырчаткой и буллезным пемфигоидом. В перспективе анализ пузырной жидкости может быть использован комплементарно гистологическому методу в качестве экспресс-диагностики, дифференциальной диагностики тяжелых буллезных дерматозов, мониторинга ответа на терапию в режиме реального времени, а также прогноза тяжести течения данных заболеваний. Кроме того, это поможет своевременно назначать адъювантную терапию рефрактерным к системным стероидам пациентам с целью минимизации риска развития осложнений и побочных эффектов.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Bullous dermatoses are severe life-threatening antibody-induced organ-specific multifactorial diseases resulting from a genetic predisposition. Systemic glucocorticosteroids are the first-line therapy for many bullous dermatoses. However, there is a small though significant proportion of patients who are resistant to basic therapy with systemic glucocorticosteroids. Although studies of the steroid resistance have been performed at the level of receptors and genes in the serum of patients, no studies of this mechanism have been carried out at the level of blister fluid locally in the area of blister formation.</p></sec><sec><title>Objectives</title><p>Objectives. To estimate cytokine (interleukin 10, 15, 4, tumor necrosis factor alpha), chemokine (eosinophil chemotactic protein, interleukin 8) profiles and granulysin levels in patients with bullous dermatoses in serum and blister fluid, as well as their possible relationship with steroid resistance.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. The observational cohort controlled study included 67 patients with bullous dermatoses hospitalized between January 2020 and December 2023 in the V.A. Rakhmanov Clinic of Skin and Venereal Diseases of the University Clinical Hospital No. 2 of the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) and the Department of Allergology and Immunology of the Municipal Clinical Hospital No. 24 of the Moscow City Health Department. The patients were classified into three groups by diagnosis. The first group included patients with pemphigus vulgaris (n = 43), the second was patients with bullous pemphigoid (n = 11), and the third consisted of patients with Stevens — Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (n = 13). The control group consisted of 43 healthy donors, whose biological material was obtained from the Blood Center of the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University). After a 3-week course of systemic glucocorticosteroids, the groups of patients with bullous dermatoses were stratified into steroid-resistant and steroid-sensitive subgroups, respectively: with pemphigus vulgaris 18/25 patients; with bullous pemphigoid 3/8; with Stevens — Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis 1/12. Due to the small number of patients, the data of steroid-resistant and steroid-sensitive patients with Stevens — Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis were not statistically analyzed. The main indicators of the study comprised interleukins 10, 15, 4, tumor necrosis factor alpha, eosinophil chemotactic protein, interleukin 8, and granulysin levels in serum and blister fluid of patients depending on the presence or absence of steroid resistance. Statistical processing of data was performed using Statistica 10.01 software package (StatSoft, USA), Microsoft Excel 2010 (Microsoft, USA) and IBM SPSS 24.0 software (IBM, USA). Differences were considered statistically significant at p &lt; 0.05.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 10, granulysin, as well as chemokines — interleukin 8 and eosinophilic protein — were statistically significantly higher in serum in patients with pemphigus vulgaris, Lever’s bullous pemphigoid, and Stevens — Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.001). Significantly lower levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, particularly in blister fluid as opposed to serum, correlated with steroid resistance in patients with pemphigus vulgaris (p &lt; 0.05). Reduced levels of the key neutrophil chemoattractant may indicate impaired recruitment of immune cells to the lesion, thus being a potential biomarker of the refractory course of the disease. Meanwhile, steroid-resistant patients with bullous pemphigoid had statistically significantly high levels of interleukins 4, 8, 15, and granulysin in their blister fluid compared to steroid-sensitive patients (p &lt; 0.05). Due to this, differences in inflammatory marker profiles associated with insensitivity of patients to hormone therapy are emphasized. Importantly, most patients with bullous pemphigoid responded adequately to therapy (8/11) with systemic glucocorticosteroids compared to the pemphigus vulgaris group. In patients with Stevens — Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, the level of granulysin (median 12,105 ng/mL) in blister fluid was statistically significantly higher compared with pemphigus vulgaris (median 10,842 ng/mL; p = 0.024) and bullous pemphigoid (median 10,335 ng/mL; p = 0.048). The findings suggest that analysis of this biomarker in blister fluid can be applied to the diagnosis as well as differential diagnosis of bullous dermatoses.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. This study identified potential predictors of response to therapy with systemic glucocorticosteroids in the blister fluid of patients with pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid. In the long-term, the analysis of blister fluid can be used complementary to the histologic method as an express diagnostic test, differential diagnosis of severe bullous dermatoses, real-time monitoring of response to therapy, and prognosis of the severity of the course of these diseases. Additionally, a timely administration of adjuvant therapy to patients’ refractory to systemic steroids would assist in minimizing the risk of complications and side effects.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>буллезные дерматозы</kwd><kwd>стероидная резистентность</kwd><kwd>пузырная жидкость</kwd><kwd>хемокины</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd><kwd>гранулизин</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bullous dermatoses</kwd><kwd>steroid resistance</kwd><kwd>blister fluid</kwd><kwd>chemokines</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd><kwd>granulysin</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beek NV, Zillikens D, Schmidt E. Bullous Autoimmune Dermatoses–Clinical Features, Diagnostic Evaluation, and Treatment Options. 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