<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ksma</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Кубанский научный медицинский вестник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Kuban Scientific Medical Bulletin</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1608-6228</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2541-9544</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Kuban State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25207/1608-6228-2026-33-2-54-66</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ksma-4298</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ. КЛИНИЧЕСКАЯ МЕДИЦИНА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES. CLINICAL MEDICINE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сравнительная оценка системы локального иммунитета у пациенток с вульвовагинальной атрофией: обсервационное когортное исследование</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comparative assessment of local immunity in patients with vulvovaginal atrophy: An observational cohort study</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1941-0571</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бирюкова</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Biryukova</surname><given-names>M. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бирюкова Мария Игоревна — ассистент кафедры акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии № 1 федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Кубанский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации.</p><p>Ул. им. Митрофана Седина, д. 4, Краснодар, 350063</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria I. Biryukova — Teaching Assistant, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology No. 1, Kuban State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.</p><p>Mitrofana Sedina str., 4, Krasnodar, 350063</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">marfushenka@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8987-7375</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кравцова</surname><given-names>Е. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kravtsova</surname><given-names>E. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кравцова Елена Иосифовна — кандидат медицинских наук, доцент, доцент кафедры акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии № 1 федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Кубанский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации.</p><p>Ул. им. Митрофана Седина, д. 4, Краснодар, 350063</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena I. Kravtsova — Cand. Sci. (Med.), Assoc. Prof., Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology No. 1, Kuban State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.</p><p>Mitrofana Sedina str., 4, Krasnodar, 350063</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6765-1922</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куценко</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kutsenko</surname><given-names>I. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Куценко Ирина Игоревна — доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии № 1 федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Кубанский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации.</p><p>Ул. им. Митрофана Седина, д. 4, Краснодар, 350063</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina I. Kutsenko — Dr. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Head of the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology No. 1, Kuban State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.</p><p>Mitrofana Sedina str., 4, Krasnodar, 350063</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Кубанский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Kuban State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>33</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>54</fpage><lpage>66</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бирюкова М.И., Кравцова Е.И., Куценко И.И., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бирюкова М.И., Кравцова Е.И., Куценко И.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Biryukova M.I., Kravtsova E.I., Kutsenko I.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ksma.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4298">https://ksma.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4298</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Вульвовагинальная атрофия — хроническое прогрессирующее состояние, ассоциированное с дефицитом эстрогенов. Несмотря на известность инволюционных изменений, взаимосвязь между вагинальной микробиотой и локальным иммунным ответом при вульвовагинальной атрофии остается недостаточно изученной.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования: исследовать взаимосвязь между составом и метаболической активностью вагинальной микробиоты и профилем экспрессии генов местного иммунитета у пациенток с вульвовагинальной атрофией.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы. Проведено обсервационное когортное поперечное исследование с участием 88 пациенток в менопаузе с вульвовагинальной атрофией, разделенных на группы: с симптомами (n = 42) и бессимптомную (n = 46). Группу контроля (группа 3) составили 50 здоровых женщин репродуктивного возраста. Оценка вагинального отделяемого включала: микроскопию мазка, определение рН, вагинальную цитологию, исследование микробиома методом полимеразной цепной реакции в реальном времени («Фемофлор 16») и количественную оценку экспрессии мРНК генов иммунного ответа (IL-1β, IL-10, IL-18, TNF-α, TLR4, GATA3, CD68, B2M) и уровня кателицидина LL-37 с помощью тест-системы «Иммуноквантэкс». Для обработки данных применялись специализированные программы: Statistica 6 (StatSoft, США), Microsoft Excel 2010 (Microsoft, США). Различия считались статистически значимыми при уровне p &lt; 0,05.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. У симптомных пациенток (1-я группа) выявлен выраженный дисбиоз по типу бактериального вагиноза: критическое снижение лактобацилл (45,2 % против 100 % в других группах) и массивная контаминация условно-патогенной анаэробной флорой. Это сопровождалось значительной активацией локального иммунитета: повышением экспрессии провоспалительных маркеров (IL-1β, TLR4, GATA3), подавлением IL-10, высоким индексом воспаления (&gt;95 %) и повышенным уровнем LL-37. Выявлена сильная прямая корреляция между уровнем TLR4 и общей микробной нагрузкой (r = 0,87). Во 2-й группе («молчаливая» вульвовагинальная атрофия) микробиота и иммунный профиль не отличались от контрольной группы, несмотря на наличие атрофии. Таким образом, развитие клинических симптомов при вульвовагинальной атрофии напрямую связано не столько с атрофией самой по себе, сколько с присоединением тяжелого дисбиоза, который запускает мощный провоспалительный каскад.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Развитие клинической симптоматики при вульвовагинальной атрофии ассоциировано не только с дефицитом эстрогенов, но и с формированием тяжелого дисбиоза, который запускает выраженный провоспалительный иммунный ответ. «Молчаливая» форма вульвовагинальной атрофии протекает без значимой активации иммунитета. Комплексная диагностика вульвовагинальной атрофии должна включать оценку состояния микробиоты и локального иммунного статуса для дифференциации тактики ведения пациенток.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Vulvovaginal atrophy is a chronic, progressive condition associated with estrogen deficiency. While involutional changes are well-documented, the relationship between the vaginal microbiota and the local immune response in vulvovaginal atrophy remains insufficiently explored.</p></sec><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: To examine the relationship between the composition and metabolic activity of the vaginal microbiota and local immune gene expression profiles in patients with vulvovaginal atrophy.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. This observational cross-sectional cohort study included 88 postmenopausal women with vulvovaginal atrophy, divided into two groups: symptomatic (n = 42) and asymptomatic (n = 46). The control group (Group 3) comprised 50 healthy, reproductive-age women. Vaginal discharge was evaluated via smear microscopy, pH measurement, and vaginal cytology. Additionally, the vaginal microbiome was analyzed using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (Femoflor 16). The ImmunoQuantex test system was used to evaluate cathelicidin LL-37 levels and quantitative mRNA expression of immune response genes: interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-10, interleukin-18, tumor necrosis factor alpha, toll-like receptor 4, GATA binding protein 3, cluster of differentiation 68, and beta-2 microglobulin. Data were processed using specialized software: Statistica 6 (StatSoft, USA) and Microsoft Excel 2010 (Microsoft, USA). Differences were considered statistically significant at a p-value of &lt; 0.05.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The symptomatic patients (Group 1) exhibited marked dysbiosis consistent with bacterial vaginosis: a critical reduction in lactobacilli (45.2 % vs. 100 % in the other groups) and extensive colonization by opportunistic anaerobic flora. This was accompanied by significant local immune activation, including increased expression of pro-inflammatory markers (interleukin-1 beta, toll-like receptor 4, and GATA binding protein 3), suppression of interleukin-10, a high inflammatory index (&gt;95 %), and elevated LL-37 levels. A strong positive correlation was found between toll-like receptor 4 expression and total microbial load (r = 0.87). In Group 2 (“silent” vulvovaginal atrophy), the microbiota and immune profile did not differ from those of the control group, despite the presence of atrophy. Thus, the development of clinical symptoms in vulvovaginal atrophy is directly linked to the onset of severe dysbiosis, which triggers a potent pro-inflammatory cascade, rather than to the atrophy itself.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The development of clinical symptoms in vulvovaginal atrophy is associated not only with estrogen deficiency but also with the emergence of severe dysbiosis, which triggers a marked pro-inflammatory immune response. The “silent” form of vulvovaginal atrophy occurs without significant immune activation. A comprehensive diagnostic approach to vulvovaginal atrophy should include an assessment of the microbiota and local immune status to tailor patient management strategies.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вульвовагинальная атрофия</kwd><kwd>микробиом</kwd><kwd>экспрессия мРНК генов иммунного ответа</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>vulvovaginal atrophy</kwd><kwd>microbiome</kwd><kwd>mRNA expression of immune response genes</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">авторы заявляют об отсутствии спонсорской поддержки при проведении исследования</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">No funding support was obtained for the research</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cox S, Nasseri R, Rubin RS, Santiago-Lastra Y. Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause. Med Clin North Am. 2023;107(2):357–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2022.10.017</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cox S, Nasseri R, Rubin RS, Santiago-Lastra Y. Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause. Med Clin North Am. 2023;107(2):357–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2022.10.017</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amabebe E, Anumba DOC. The Vaginal Microenvironment: The Physiologic Role of Lactobacilli. Front Med (Lausanne). 2018;5:181. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2018.00181</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amabebe E, Anumba DOC. The Vaginal Microenvironment: The Physiologic Role of Lactobacilli. Front Med (Lausanne). 2018;5:181. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2018.00181</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amegashie CP, Gilbert NM, Peipert JF, Allsworth JE, Lewis WG, Lewis AL. Relationship between nugent score and vaginal epithelial exfoliation. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0177797. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177797</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amegashie CP, Gilbert NM, Peipert JF, Allsworth JE, Lewis WG, Lewis AL. Relationship between nugent score and vaginal epithelial exfoliation. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0177797. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177797</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duan T, Du Y, Xing C, Wang HY, Wang RF. Toll-Like Receptor Signaling and Its Role in Cell-Mediated Immunity. Front Immunol. 2022;13:812774. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.812774</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duan T, Du Y, Xing C, Wang HY, Wang RF. Toll-Like Receptor Signaling and Its Role in Cell-Mediated Immunity. Front Immunol. 2022;13:812774. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.812774</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brotman RM, Klebanoff MA, Nansel TR, Andrews WW, Schwebke JR, Zhang J, Yu KF, Zenilman JM, Scharfstein DO. A longitudinal study of vaginal douching and bacterial vaginosis--a marginal structural modeling analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168(2):188–196. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn103</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brotman RM, Klebanoff MA, Nansel TR, Andrews WW, Schwebke JR, Zhang J, Yu KF, Zenilman JM, Scharfstein DO. A longitudinal study of vaginal douching and bacterial vaginosis--a marginal structural modeling analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168(2):188–196. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn103</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Santarelli G, Rosato R, Cicchinelli M, Iavarone F, Urbani A, Sanguinetti M, Delogu G, De Maio F. The activity of cell-free supernatant of Lactobacillus crispatus M247: a promising treatment against vaginal infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025;15:1586442. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1586442</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Santarelli G, Rosato R, Cicchinelli M, Iavarone F, Urbani A, Sanguinetti M, Delogu G, De Maio F. The activity of cell-free supernatant of Lactobacillus crispatus M247: a promising treatment against vaginal infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025;15:1586442. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1586442</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Castelo-Branco C, Biglia N, Nappi RE, Schwenkhagen A, Palacios S. Characteristics of post-menopausal women with genitourinary syndrome of menopause: Implications for vulvovaginal atrophy diagnosis and treatment selection. Maturitas. 2015;81(4):462–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.05.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Castelo-Branco C, Biglia N, Nappi RE, Schwenkhagen A, Palacios S. Characteristics of post-menopausal women with genitourinary syndrome of menopause: Implications for vulvovaginal atrophy diagnosis and treatment selection. Maturitas. 2015;81(4):462–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.05.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dinarello CA. Overview of the IL-1 family in innate inflammation and acquired immunity. Immunol Rev. 2018;281(1):8–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12621</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dinarello CA. Overview of the IL-1 family in innate inflammation and acquired immunity. Immunol Rev. 2018;281(1):8–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12621</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang YS, Kim MJ, Chaugule S, Mayer E, DeSouza N, Ma H, Xie J, Lee KY, Li S, Gravallese E, Gao G, Shim JH. Nature-inspired IL-1 targeted therapy to treat chronic inflammatory diseases. Mol Ther. 2025;33(12):6379–6397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2025.09.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang YS, Kim MJ, Chaugule S, Mayer E, DeSouza N, Ma H, Xie J, Lee KY, Li S, Gravallese E, Gao G, Shim JH. Nature-inspired IL-1 targeted therapy to treat chronic inflammatory diseases. Mol Ther. 2025;33(12):6379–6397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2025.09.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zambrano F, Melo A, Rivera-Concha R, Schulz M, Uribe P, Fonseca-Salamanca F, Ossa X, Taubert A, Hermosilla C, Sánchez R. High Presence of NETotic Cells and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Vaginal Discharges of Women with Vaginitis: An Exploratory Study. Cells. 2022;11(20):3185. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11203185</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zambrano F, Melo A, Rivera-Concha R, Schulz M, Uribe P, Fonseca-Salamanca F, Ossa X, Taubert A, Hermosilla C, Sánchez R. High Presence of NETotic Cells and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Vaginal Discharges of Women with Vaginitis: An Exploratory Study. Cells. 2022;11(20):3185. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11203185</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simon JA, Nappi RE, Chedraui P, Clark AL, Gompel A, Nasreen SZA, Palacios S, Wolfman W. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM): recommendations from the Fifth International Consultation on Sexual Medicine (ICSM 2024). Sex Med Rev. 2026;14(1):qeaf055. https://doi.org/10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf055</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simon JA, Nappi RE, Chedraui P, Clark AL, Gompel A, Nasreen SZA, Palacios S, Wolfman W. Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM): recommendations from the Fifth International Consultation on Sexual Medicine (ICSM 2024). Sex Med Rev. 2026;14(1):qeaf055. https://doi.org/10.1093/sxmrev/qeaf055</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang Y, Wei T, Zhao C, Zhang L. The Role of the Vaginal Microbiome in Gynecological Diseases: Mechanistic Insights and Emerging Interventions. Biology (Basel). 2026;15(5):432. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15050432</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang Y, Wei T, Zhao C, Zhang L. The Role of the Vaginal Microbiome in Gynecological Diseases: Mechanistic Insights and Emerging Interventions. Biology (Basel). 2026;15(5):432. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15050432</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kamiya T, Sofonea MT, France M, Tessandier N, Bravo IG, Murall CL, Ravel J, Alizon S. Resource landscape shapes the composition and stability of the human vaginal microbiota. PLoS Biol. 2026;24(2):e3003575. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003575</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kamiya T, Sofonea MT, France M, Tessandier N, Bravo IG, Murall CL, Ravel J, Alizon S. Resource landscape shapes the composition and stability of the human vaginal microbiota. PLoS Biol. 2026;24(2):e3003575. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3003575</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Журавлева Ю.А., Прохорова О.В., Гептинг Н.А., Паршина А.Н., Бунеева Л.В. Женская сексуальность и комбинированные оральные контрацептивы: проблемы и возможности коррекции. Российский вестник акушера-гинеколога. 2020;20(6):101–106. https://doi.org/10.17116/rosakush202020061101</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhuravleva JA, Prokhorova OV, Gepting NA, Parshina AN, Buneeva LV. Female sexuality and combined oral contraceptive pills: administration and correction issues. Russian Bulletin of Obstetrician Gynecologist. 2020;20(6):101–106 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/rosakush202020061101</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erekson EA, Yip SO, Wedderburn TS, Martin DK, Li FY, Choi JN, Kenton KS, Fried TR. The Vulvovaginal Symptoms Questionnaire: a questionnaire for measuring vulvovaginal symptoms in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2013;20(9):973–979. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0b013e318282600b</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erekson EA, Yip SO, Wedderburn TS, Martin DK, Li FY, Choi JN, Kenton KS, Fried TR. The Vulvovaginal Symptoms Questionnaire: a questionnaire for measuring vulvovaginal symptoms in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2013;20(9):973–979. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0b013e318282600b</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harlow SD, Gass M, Hall JE, Lobo R, Maki P, Rebar RW, Sherman S, Sluss PM, de Villiers TJ; STRAW 10 Collaborative Group. Executive summary of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop + 10: addressing the unfinished agenda of staging reproductive aging. Menopause. 2012;19(4):387–395. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e31824d8f40</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harlow SD, Gass M, Hall JE, Lobo R, Maki P, Rebar RW, Sherman S, Sluss PM, de Villiers TJ; STRAW 10 Collaborative Group. Executive summary of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop + 10: addressing the unfinished agenda of staging reproductive aging. Menopause. 2012;19(4):387–395. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e31824d8f40</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Будиловская О.В., Шипицына Е.В., Переверзева Н.А., Воробьева Н.Е., Спасибова Е.В., Григорьев А.Н., Савичева А.М. Сравнение методов оценки воспалительной реакции нижних отделов женского репродуктивного тракта. Журнал акушерства и женских болезней. 2018;67(5):13–20. https://doi.org/10.17816/JOWD67513-20</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Budilovskaya OV, Shipitsyna EV, Pereverzeva NA, Vorobyova NE, Spasibova EV, Grigoryev AN, Savicheva AM. Comparison of methods for assessing the inflammatory response of the lower parts of the female reproductive tract. Journal of Obstetrics and Women’s Diseases. 2018;67(5):13–20 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17816/JOWD67513-20</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saadaoui M, Singh P, Ortashi O, Al Khodor S. Role of the vaginal microbiome in miscarriage: exploring the relationship. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023;13:1232825. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1232825</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saadaoui M, Singh P, Ortashi O, Al Khodor S. Role of the vaginal microbiome in miscarriage: exploring the relationship. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023;13:1232825. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2023.1232825</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giordani B, Naldi M, Croatti V, Parolin C, Erdoğan Ü, Bartolini M, Vitali B. Exopolysaccharides from vaginal lactobacilli modulate microbial biofilms. Microb Cell Fact. 2023;22(1):45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-023-02053-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giordani B, Naldi M, Croatti V, Parolin C, Erdoğan Ü, Bartolini M, Vitali B. Exopolysaccharides from vaginal lactobacilli modulate microbial biofilms. Microb Cell Fact. 2023;22(1):45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-023-02053-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu R, Pollock J, Huibner S, Udayakumar S, Irungu E, Ngurukiri P, Muthoga P, Adhiambo W, Kimani J, Beattie T, Coburn B, Kaul R. Microbe-binding Antibodies in the Female Genital Tract: Associations with the Vaginal Microbiome and Genital Immunology. J Immunol. 2024;213(10):1516–1527. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.2400233</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu R, Pollock J, Huibner S, Udayakumar S, Irungu E, Ngurukiri P, Muthoga P, Adhiambo W, Kimani J, Beattie T, Coburn B, Kaul R. Microbe-binding Antibodies in the Female Genital Tract: Associations with the Vaginal Microbiome and Genital Immunology. J Immunol. 2024;213(10):1516–1527. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.2400233</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hertzberger R, Morselli S, Botschuijver S, Himschoot L, Steenbergen L, Bruisten S, Lewis W, Cools P, Kort R. Degradation of Resistant α-1,4-glucan by Vaginal Gardnerella Species is Associated with Bacterial Vaginosis. Curr Microbiol. 2025;82(10):487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-025-04459-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hertzberger R, Morselli S, Botschuijver S, Himschoot L, Steenbergen L, Bruisten S, Lewis W, Cools P, Kort R. Degradation of Resistant α-1,4-glucan by Vaginal Gardnerella Species is Associated with Bacterial Vaginosis. Curr Microbiol. 2025;82(10):487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-025-04459-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Seta F, Warris A, Roselletti E. New insights toward personalized therapies for vulvovaginal candidiasis and vaginal co-infections. Front Microbiol. 2025;16:1625952. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1625952</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Seta F, Warris A, Roselletti E. New insights toward personalized therapies for vulvovaginal candidiasis and vaginal co-infections. Front Microbiol. 2025;16:1625952. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1625952</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pompei LM, Wender MCO, de Melo NR, Kulak J Jr, Pardini D, Machado RB, Fernandes CE, Palacios S, Nappi RE. Vaginal Health: Insights, Views &amp; Attitudes survey in Latin America (VIVA-LATAM): focus on Brazil. Climacteric. 2021;24(2):157–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2020.1804546</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pompei LM, Wender MCO, de Melo NR, Kulak J Jr, Pardini D, Machado RB, Fernandes CE, Palacios S, Nappi RE. Vaginal Health: Insights, Views &amp; Attitudes survey in Latin America (VIVA-LATAM): focus on Brazil. Climacteric. 2021;24(2):157–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2020.1804546</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghaedrahmati F, Akbari V, Seyedhosseini-Ghaheh H, Esmaeil N. Strong capacity of differentiated PD-L1 CAR-modified UCB-CD34+ cells and PD-L1 CAR-modified UCB-CD34+-derived NK cells in killing target cells and restoration of the anti-tumor function of PD-1-high exhausted T Cells. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2024;15(1):257. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-024-03871-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghaedrahmati F, Akbari V, Seyedhosseini-Ghaheh H, Esmaeil N. Strong capacity of differentiated PD-L1 CAR-modified UCB-CD34+ cells and PD-L1 CAR-modified UCB-CD34+-derived NK cells in killing target cells and restoration of the anti-tumor function of PD-1-high exhausted T Cells. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2024;15(1):257. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-024-03871-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen S, Li Y, Chu B, Yuan L, Liu N, Zhu Y, Wang J. Lactobacillus johnsonii L531 Alleviates the Damage Caused by Salmonella Typhimurium via Inhibiting TLR4, NF-κB, and NLRP3 Inflammasome Signaling Pathways. Microorganisms. 2021;9(9):1983. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091983</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen S, Li Y, Chu B, Yuan L, Liu N, Zhu Y, Wang J. Lactobacillus johnsonii L531 Alleviates the Damage Caused by Salmonella Typhimurium via Inhibiting TLR4, NF-κB, and NLRP3 Inflammasome Signaling Pathways. Microorganisms. 2021;9(9):1983. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091983</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruggiero FM, Mauvais FX, Wellbrock U, van Endert PM, Springer S. Surface emergence and persistence of MHC class I free heavy chains. J Biol Chem. 2025;301(11):110799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2025.110799</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruggiero FM, Mauvais FX, Wellbrock U, van Endert PM, Springer S. Surface emergence and persistence of MHC class I free heavy chains. J Biol Chem. 2025;301(11):110799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2025.110799</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MacLean F, Tsegaye AT, Graham JB, Swarts JL, Vick SC, Potchen NB, Cruz Talavera I, Warrier L, Dubrulle J, Schroeder LK, Saito A, Mar C, Thomas KK, Mack M, Sabo MC, Chohan BH, Ngure K, Mugo NR, Lingappa JR, Lund JM; Kinga Study Team. Bacterial vaginosis associates with dysfunctional T cells and altered soluble immune factors in the cervicovaginal tract. J Clin Invest. 2025;135(10):e184609. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI184609</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MacLean F, Tsegaye AT, Graham JB, Swarts JL, Vick SC, Potchen NB, Cruz Talavera I, Warrier L, Dubrulle J, Schroeder LK, Saito A, Mar C, Thomas KK, Mack M, Sabo MC, Chohan BH, Ngure K, Mugo NR, Lingappa JR, Lund JM; Kinga Study Team. Bacterial vaginosis associates with dysfunctional T cells and altered soluble immune factors in the cervicovaginal tract. J Clin Invest. 2025;135(10):e184609. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI184609</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
